tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69844623338138729112024-03-13T13:01:50.869-04:00Cambridge Science Festival BlogFun science events and activities for all ages in and around Cambridge, MA on April 14-April 23, 2017. We take curiosity to a whole new level! <br>
Are you curious? Check out <a href="http://CambridgeScienceFestival.org">http://CambridgeScienceFestival.org</a> for more info.Peg LeGendrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00445521059092585376noreply@blogger.comBlogger169125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-20685690318073667782016-10-19T15:46:00.002-04:002016-10-19T15:46:22.043-04:00Find us on www.cambridgesciencefestival.orgWe've integrated our blog with our website. Please visit us on <a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/">www.cambridgesciencefestival.org</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16814425829210139154noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-73278993785831183642016-05-24T11:51:00.001-04:002016-05-24T11:51:41.053-04:00Curiosity Challenge: Why Do Flowers Smell Good?<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-h-IF52hGn1Y/V0R3xElcnEI/AAAAAAAADXQ/MOOJj30hgF4yqrZ0BteOPkxfuYhbdyrogCLcB/s1600/Allie%2BWard_12.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-h-IF52hGn1Y/V0R3xElcnEI/AAAAAAAADXQ/MOOJj30hgF4yqrZ0BteOPkxfuYhbdyrogCLcB/s320/Allie%2BWard_12.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Allie W, Age 12</td></tr>
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Dear Allie,<br />
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Flowers smell good and also look colorful for the same reason, to attract insects and birds. Flowers want these flying creatures to come visit them, so they can help them reproduce. Insects and birds spread the pollen and seeds of flowers to other ones, so they can be fertilized. This is also how flowers become fruit.<br />
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Beware, some flowers only smell good to some insects and in fact they smell foul to people. For example “Stinking Corpse Lily” and “Western Skunk Cabbage” smell just like their household name implies. These flowers want to attract flies, like the ones that you commonly see circling in garbage pails. They are very large and beautiful, but luckily not chosen for common yard ornaments!<br />
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Doris Glykys is a Principal Chemical Engineer at Amgen. She's passionate about bringing lifesaving science to the people. Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08485237401559042480noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-91972196986894126612016-04-24T12:51:00.001-04:002016-04-24T12:51:03.715-04:00Curiosity Challenge: Can Humans and Animals Understand Each Other?<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hey there, CSF fans, followers, and supporters! </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Anna Bishop here with a cool Zoosemiotics (animal communication) question from Ella Nelson, age 11, who wants to know if humans and animals understand each other.</span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-28e000f5-3109-6fb1-a6ca-2982ce7aac06" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="399" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/RbCulVhsKXDMoRnwP4THo9KpM9lE0mTDV-UYpThnY3uutHs3pzIDp-7L7LiDi9-36Ceqzi5b3Ctle7H1lQs81vNFzwKNmRKgpta_oykkz_VHKJs2nO4h-h1SMKFR3ad7DrlShsmO" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="600" /></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Excellent question! The answer is everyday and never: it depends on the animal, of course! </span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If you were to scold your dog for getting into the garbage, he might not understand all of your words, but he would know you were angry because of your face, voice, body language, and gestures. He might feel ashamed, because he knows it is something he should not do. </span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">However, if you were to scold a chameleon, you might as well scold the wall. Chameleons, in the wild, do not communicate with one another, so their understanding of communication is essentially non-existent. They may be afraid of the loud noise, but they would not understand that you were trying to tell them something.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Communication is how we understand other members of our species, and work together. Most of the animals we can communicate with, communicate with each other in the wild. Take wild dogs, for example: they form packs, play, fight, and hunt with one another. It makes sense that they can understand people a bit. It is important for their survival to understand if other pack members are upset, excited, or in danger. Without a pack, wild dogs have a difficult time surviving, and if they did not pay attention to the feelings and needs of their pack, they might get kicked out of their pack, or left behind. They could die without a pack to protect him. So most dogs who were bad at communicating did not live to tell the tale.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There is also the complex idea of communication itself: we, as people, communicate mostly with spoken words and sometimes with hand symbols. We also observe body language: we can tell someone is upset just by looking at their expression and posture. </span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">You’ve probably had a dog sniffing your face and legs. It may seem weird to you, but that’s how many animals communicate: smelling the bodies of other animals tells them important information like the age, sex, health, and even mood of other animals. Since we don’t use smell to communicate, we are different from many other mammals like dogs, cats, and rodents.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Interestingly, human communication with spoken words is most similar to that of dolphins, whales, and birds. These animals have languages and dialects. If a Costa Rican parakeet is surrounded by Amazon parakeets, the Costa Rican bird will change his own dialect to match those of the birds around him. The logic is, when in Rome, do as the Romans do!</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Speaking of birds, have you heard of Alex the parrot? He was an African Grey parrot trained and observed in studies by animal cognition scientist, Irene Pepperburg. He was able to count, understand simple questions, and differentiate objects by shape and size. The fact that he was able to understand questions in a language invented by another species shows that parrots can do more than just mimic words. Here is a video of Alex with his trainer: </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ2j1jOwAYU" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ2j1jOwAYU</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Quite the brainy bird.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="205" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/jsoKdAAOhossKUYiiAsS1Xl9NGO59yQZI8j9djutycFlMVKbRlUTBqnoQZuqOzGL8jFcmLXF-eZNCZyCASmmr2c5bXoy0XV-G8n6np1_7JhenGYWMPEsNFZnqYuXPynlprtAYYfc" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="246" /></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One African Lowland Gorilla, Koko, has become a celebrity for her amazing sign language abilities. She was able to tell us about her childhood in the wild, her father’s death, her desire to have a baby, and her love of kittens. Using a variant of American Sign Language (ASL), she can tell us what she knows and how she feels. She became best friends with Robin Williams, and told her keepers she was very sad when she heard about his death. This is a video of her with her teacher and friend of thirty years, Francine Patterson: </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNuZ4OE6vCk" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNuZ4OE6vCk</span></a></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Of course, Koko isn’t a pet, but she is still an animal that can have conversations with another species, while occasionally incorporating signs she knows by instinct. Here is a picture of her making common signs.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="256" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/C2vAsSH9FZBGoHoW83sw2pQ1x-dVjxfrc-lz6eAnJ4ke9IOU6jxEtZ5k-F36Vo8VlqPENzGnjYLL6jZPEYGnrxb7fgalKUOgIY3BvRw4ul02dRGI1VnEbdrneNvT6IukIvG4BltO" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="624" /></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I shall end with another common animal companion: the horse. Horses communicate almost entirely through body language, and can tell if you are nervous, excited, or upset. They communicate with herd members by movements in their heads, necks, legs, and tails. </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">When someone rides a horse, it is crucial that the rider and the horse have a decent level of trust, and at least one of them is experienced. Riders communicate to their horses how fast to go and in what direction, by gently pressing their legs into the horse’s side. Once the horse is well trained, he will respond to these cues appropriately. A horse learns to do tricks, like barrel turns and jumps, by paying attention to his rider's commands. </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">In turn, the rider must recognize when the horse is tired, frustrated, and needs a break. A rider that ignores his steed’s body language is just as troublesome as a disobedient horse.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="300" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/txajmHJ8uonhmcpUNEc7Rz4erNrmHBVcigdI6oWGf2z8TntQSW52D4wxofcLAxA5Xy3BSt5Y-_t_mJVJseVZYgfG6aLNJ8pFiqI6SCV3Wxu03oo5An40K98OY7aIjscIBM60-X05" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="447" /></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So hope that answers your question, Ella! Great to hear from you and stay curious about animals! Ciao for now!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px;">About the Author: Anna Bishop is a sophomore at Sturgis Charter Public School and critter enthusiast. She is part of the Teen Advisory Board for the CSF, and her interests include zoology, zoo-psychology, ethology, raising insects, linguistics, and trying new recipes. </span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02241948739540071070noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-48196954843751134252016-04-22T09:22:00.000-04:002016-04-22T09:22:53.190-04:00Editing the Genome: An Event Retrospective<div class="MsoNormal">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3AxXlE8uISw/VxfbmGmMkjI/AAAAAAAAAA0/_brqbPqCWREbK9s_cmZMMYL2KjxfUL0bgCLcB/s1600/Genome%2BEditing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3AxXlE8uISw/VxfbmGmMkjI/AAAAAAAAAA0/_brqbPqCWREbK9s_cmZMMYL2KjxfUL0bgCLcB/s320/Genome%2BEditing.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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Genome Editing: Now We Can, Should We?</td></tr>
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It was a complex question that greeted attendees of the Museum
of Science on Tuesday evening:</div>
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<b>Now that we can edit
the genome, should we?<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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The evening started with thought provoking presentations
given by Kevin Esvelt (MIT Media Lab) and Sam Lipson (Cambridge Public Health
Dept). They introduced the CRISPR/ Cas9 genome editing technology, which was
developed in 2013 by several groups including scientists in Cambridge, MA. The
technology enables genome editing of any organism by a cut and paste mechanism that replaces the original DNA sequence with an engineered sequence designed by scientists. Changes to the genome can be limited to
specific target cells or can be propagated across an entire species via a
process called ‘gene drive’. The presenters also discussed the current
environment of legislation around genome editing and the secretive nature of
science, performed effectively behind closed doors.</div>
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Lively discussions and debate were the format for the second
half of the evening. Scenarios in which the CRISPR system could be used to
potential benefit were provided to each table. Scenarios included the use of
CRISPR as:</div>
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<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">a therapeutic intervention either in muscular
dystrophy or in HIV sufferers.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">a tool to alter ecosystems for example, to help
endangered species (e.g. bees) by increasing the fitness of the population, to
combat crop diseases, or reduce mosquito numbers.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">a tool to generate cost efficient technologies
for example, the production of biofuels using modified yeast cells.</span></li>
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The general consensus from audience based discussions was
that genome editing could be hugely advantageous in the generation of novel
technologies and therapeutic approaches. However, there is a need to ensure
that scientists use genome editing responsibly to avoid potential risks to
complex ecosystems through 'gene drives'. There is also need for open dialogue
between scientists and the general public to ensure greater understanding of
applications in which genome editing is being used and consent from the wider
populace. Ultimately a system of regulation is required, but currently a
consensus from scientific, public, and governmental bodies as to what that
should consist of is currently lacking.</div>
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Karen Featherstone Ph.D.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18161833456650381395noreply@blogger.com1Museum Of Science, Boston, MA 02114, USA42.3683031 -71.071728242.3679366 -71.0723587 42.3686696 -71.0710977tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-40613889677154994172016-04-20T16:16:00.001-04:002016-04-20T16:16:42.653-04:00Chaos, Science, and the Thrill of Research: Tom Stoppard's ARCADIA at Central Square Theater<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="line-height: 20.24px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reviewed by E. Rosser</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Science and history. Scholars butting heads. A house whose story spans generations. Meet the agents of </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arcadia</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, Tom Stoppard’s classic play currently in production through the <a href="https://www.centralsquaretheater.org/about/catalyst-collaborative-at-mit/">Catalyst Collaborative at MIT</a>, a resident program at Central Square Theater. For the past decade, CC@MIT has brought science to the public limelight by producing at least one play about science per season, with special emphasis on marginalized scientists whose stories are frequently neglected. Past shows in this vein include: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A Disappearing Number</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, about the life of genius Indian mathematician, Ramanujan; </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Breaking the Code</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, featuring the tragic end of computer pioneer, Alan Turing; and </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photograph 51</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, focusing on Rosalind Franklin and her DNA discoveries that were scooped by male colleagues. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arcadia </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">doesn’t slot quite so easily into one single theme: it’s quite layered, touching on sexism in academia, the thrill of research, intellectual rigor, plenty of sex and interpersonal conflict, and, just to keep things interesting, a time-jumping narrative. Although the script features less science than most descriptions would have you expect (and, frankly, less science than I had hoped), this production was stunning, and the talented cast was well up to the task of capturing the nuances of Stoppard’s layered play. </span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>The 1809 characters of </i>A</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">rcadia<i>. <a href="http://artery.wbur.org/2016/04/07/arcadia-central-square">Photo Credit: </a></i></span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://artery.wbur.org/2016/04/07/arcadia-central-square">A.R. Sinclair Photography</a>.</span></i></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The action is split between two timelines unravelling in the same room in an English manor house, Sidley Park, nearly two hundred years apart. Brilliant daughter of the estate Thomasina Coverly (played by </span><a href="https://www.centralsquaretheater.org/people/kira-patterson/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kira Patterson</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) is tutored by Septimus Hodge (</span><a href="https://www.centralsquaretheater.org/people/will-madden/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Will Madden</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) out of an algebra textbook in 1809; in 1993, scholars Hannah Jarvis (Central Square regular, </span><a href="https://www.centralsquaretheater.org/people/celeste-oliva/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Celeste Oliva</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) and Valentine Coverly (</span><a href="https://www.centralsquaretheater.org/people/matthew-zahnzinger/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Matthew Zahnzinger</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) try to piece together the history of the estate from the annotations Thomasina scrawled there. The table, dressed to Regency perfection by the props and set team, becomes heaped with books, papers, teacups, a pet tortoise, and the general effluvia of both eras’ research. As the links between the two eras develop, both sets of actors can grab the relevant paper or book, until time barriers melt away and we learn the entire story of Sidley Park. It’s a well-choreographed dance of props--an impressive feat that the cast pulls off seamlessly. The lush 17th-Century costumes by </span><a href="https://www.centralsquaretheater.org/people/leslie-held/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Leslie Held</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, the thrust stage set by </span><a href="https://www.centralsquaretheater.org/people/janie-e-howland/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Janie E. Howland,</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and the creative team's attention to detail make the time-hopping easy to follow and the eventual meshing of the two narratives quite satisfying.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The core paradoxes of the play--order turning to chaos, and logic interfacing with intuition--are displayed through several discussions of “science.” The play certainly </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">references</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> many scientific principles...but the descriptions are vague and non-technical enough to count as philosophy. Thomasina disparages a steam engine installed on the grounds, saying “he’ll never get out what he put into it” after reading an essay by “a Frenchman,” but the term “Carnot Efficiency” is never uttered. A gorgeous parallel (among many) between the two eras has Thomasina wondering why you can't un-stir rice pudding and jam, and Val and Hannah asking the same about the cream in their coffee. Yet, there’s no clear connection between that irreversible process and the “descent into chaos” and “unwinding” and “entropy” the characters later discuss openly (that time, the term </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">is</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> actually said). Even the most “hard-science” character, Val, describes his research on the estate’s grouse population in a way that left my theater-going comrades and I (a nerdier lot than the average crowd, granted) confused as to whether he was talking about algorithms, or fractals, or an exponential growth problem that any differential equations course covers in its first lecture. The topics were beautifully used as symbols, but they weren’t really treated with the level of meaty technical detail I was expecting (and craving, after the tidy framing of the concepts).</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://s3.amazonaws.com/media.wbur.org/wordpress/18/files/2016/04/CST_Arcadia_Production_4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/media.wbur.org/wordpress/18/files/2016/04/CST_Arcadia_Production_4.jpg" height="332" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The modern counterparts of Sidley Park. <a href="http://artery.wbur.org/2016/04/07/arcadia-central-square">Ph</a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://artery.wbur.org/2016/04/07/arcadia-central-square">oto credit: </a></span></i></span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"><i><a href="http://artery.wbur.org/2016/04/07/arcadia-central-square"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A.R. Sinclair Photography</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">.</span></a></i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Coming straight from a Science + Diversity + Theater Conference with the CC@MIT, I suppose I was in a relatively pedantic mood when it came to the distinction between “theater about science” and “theater that </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">imparts </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">science.” Still, if these concepts flit through the narrative on this scale--the scale of mere metaphor--is it still a “science play,” or is it better called a “science-related play?” That’s a semantics discussion for another day, I suppose.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Even if the script doesn’t leave you with a perfect grasp of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, this production moves along at an invigorating clip, chock-full of Stoppard’s usual wit and intricate dialogue. The energy the actors bring to their characters--a dogged effervescence as they dig for clues amongst the books and records--is infectious, and loaded with dry humor amongst the period platitudes. In a Q&A session with director, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.centralsquaretheater.org/people/lee-mikeska-gardner/" style="text-decoration: none;">Lee Mikeska Gardner</a>,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> beforehand, she remarked, “If there’s no humor in it, it’s not a play about people.” In that case, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arcadia </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">keeps its humanity firmly rooted, especially in the repartee between the three modern scholars. Logic faces off against intuition in the most memorable scene, at least for me, where tweedy literature prof, Bernie Nightingale, played with superb distracted charisma by </span><a href="https://www.centralsquaretheater.org/people/ross-macdonald/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ross MacDonald</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, walks his colleagues through his findings on Lord Byron’s scandalous stay at Sidley. Oliva, as Hannah, punctuates each point with a perfectly-timed and insistent raised hand, which Bernie blows by in his fervor. Zahnzinger as Val shines in the debate, nonchalantly feeding his tortoise throughout (“But it’s his lunchtime!”). He ends up calling Bernie’s historical findings “trivial” in a way that Val means and Zahnzingher delivers as gentle, but sends Bernie into an apoplectic attack on the relevancy of science. Val can only mutter back, “I meant it as a technical term.” It’s one of the most amusing and least civil battle of the nerds I’ve ever witnessed, and its humanity echoed through the rest of the show, along with consistently spot-on performances by the rest of the cast.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Director Lee Mikeska Gardner in rehearsal. <a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/theater-art/2016/03/30/worlds-and-ideas-collide-stoppard-arcadia/cV1PHY5i5ZwVLXvcrUc43K/story.html">Photo Credit: Jonathan Wiggs / the Boston Globe Staff</a></span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Although it didn’t have me exactly fired up to hit the lab bench or the history archives in quite the way I was expecting, I left the theater with a warm regard for the humans behind our favorite branches of learning, appreciating their foibles along with their feats. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arcadia</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">’s linking of past and present reminds us that science and history are both about handing down stories--never as directly as the characters do as they pass a paper across the table and across time. But the metaphor, while a little detached, was solid. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arcadia runs until May 15 at the Central Square Theater. Whether you’re a fan of the science or simply looking for an evening with some engaging and passionate characters, this portal through history is worth a visit! Reserve your tickets at </span><a href="https://www.centralsquaretheater.org/shows/arcadia/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.centralsquaretheater.org/shows/arcadia/</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E. Rosser is</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; line-height: 18.216px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> a science writer and mechanical engineer currently wrapping up a degree at MIT</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; white-space: pre-wrap;">. As a part-time costume designer, she ends up at the theater surprisingly frequently--perhaps she should put this hobby to use with more reviews?</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-63417842791960118772016-04-18T22:51:00.000-04:002016-04-18T22:53:21.770-04:00Reflection on Street Astronomy (Friday 4/15/2016)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
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Passion.<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /></div>
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I thought for a day about one word that summarized my
thoughts about volunteering with the Street Astronomy team (<a href="http://www.bostonastronomy.net/">http://www.bostonastronomy.net/</a>),
and decided that passion bested simplicity. The premise of the event was
simple: get together in the middle of Harvard Square with some telescopes and
look at cool things in the sky. And it was effective. Friday night is prime
time in the Square for families, friends, and dates, so there were plenty of
folks looking to make the night a little more special. In the two hours that
the team of astronomers kindly donated to the festival, we had two to three
hundred curious minds expand through the four telescopes and a pair of
binoculars.</div>
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<br /></div>
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However, it was not just the big boxes, expensive equipment,
and experience that the astronomers brought out that night. I felt what made
the night successful was their passion for the cosmos and sharing it’s wonders
with others. One astronomer blew my mind when she gave me instructions on how
to find a nebula with her binoculars. I was so impressed with it that I encouraged
people from the back of the long telescope lines to ask her about seeing
nebulas with binoculars. I felt that it showed the average star gazer that they
did not need a big, expensive, motorized telescope to see marvels in the sky.
But the telescopes did prove that a big lens makes a big difference. I can
attest to seeing Jupiter and its four largest moons while standing outside of a
coffee shop. Even the moon looked more impressive through the telescope.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It appeared so sharp in the scope that I
thought it would cut me if I touched it. </div>
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<br /></div>
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One of the astronomers mentioned that he felt a special
moment for a parent was pointing to something tiny in the sky and saying to
their kid, “that’s what this is, but far, far away.” I saw a lot of those special
moments, and I hope he and the others appreciate that they facilitated those and
other unmentioned experiences that night. We went on to talking about how he
got into astronomy, which basically boiled down to an addiction (he liked that
description of it). It began with a small, cheap telescope, and then he wanted
to see more. And more. To me though, I think his story along with what I saw
that night revealed the self-perpetuating nature of the secret ingredient that
makes the festival successful in the first place. That ingredient is passion,
and sharing it is what lets it continue on into the future. </div>
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<br /></div>
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So please reader, share your passions.</div>
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</div>
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-NLJ </div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WPOW8c-3aIo/VxWbqUEk1yI/AAAAAAAABHw/gdAlNYoFkrgc10gMGPbvmQW6DXKK5t65wCLcB/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WPOW8c-3aIo/VxWbqUEk1yI/AAAAAAAABHw/gdAlNYoFkrgc10gMGPbvmQW6DXKK5t65wCLcB/s640/1.jpg" width="360" /></a></td></tr>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">These folks don’t mess
around when it comes to celestial objects.</i></div>
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<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DoYFhVi_FAM/VxWbqUwB5WI/AAAAAAAABHs/gjtoeIwTqcg3nuTo1WaTXIXG3tcU3mA_QCKgB/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DoYFhVi_FAM/VxWbqUwB5WI/AAAAAAAABHs/gjtoeIwTqcg3nuTo1WaTXIXG3tcU3mA_QCKgB/s640/2.jpg" width="360" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">We briefly had to
share our space with a street performer.</i></span></td></tr>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hyA9Zq1UKYw/VxWbqSf20iI/AAAAAAAABHo/C3qjYXor_accMOKbykduPGQQel-oTdihACKgB/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hyA9Zq1UKYw/VxWbqSf20iI/AAAAAAAABHo/C3qjYXor_accMOKbykduPGQQel-oTdihACKgB/s640/3.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yeah,
it was pretty busy.</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16332363457760900807noreply@blogger.com2Harvard Square, Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA42.3735387 -71.11897429999999116.851504199999997 -112.42756829999999 67.8955732 -29.810380299999991tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-30390569296972009902016-04-14T13:18:00.002-04:002016-04-14T13:18:34.329-04:00Science + Theater + Diversity Conference with the Catalyst Collaborative at MIT<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";">By E Rosser</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This Sunday, I sat down with a quantum physicist-slash-director on my right, and a playwright who works with telescopes on my right. A slew of other participants, ranging from theater interns, to history students, to neuroscientists, to engineers circled their chairs around the room. Together, we represented a broad range of interests and backgrounds, but today we were there to tackle our favorites: theater, science, and diverse representation. After introductions, ample coffee, and some question brainstorming, we dug right into group dialogue, wondering how theater might effectively capture the scientific process, and how science, in turn, might be progressed by featuring in theater. That dialogue was the central component of Sunday’s Science + Theater + Diversity Conference, hosted by the <a href="https://www.centralsquaretheater.org/about/catalyst-collaborative-at-mit/">Catalyst Collaborative at MIT</a> and the companies in residence at the<a href="https://www.centralsquaretheater.org/"> Central Square Theater.</a></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1dxvo7lck-0/Vw3YpuKvGmI/AAAAAAAAKk8/xLUvHCcGgSouKS6VGP0Zij3Ng0vHHIV6ACLcB/s1600/CSFConference.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1dxvo7lck-0/Vw3YpuKvGmI/AAAAAAAAKk8/xLUvHCcGgSouKS6VGP0Zij3Ng0vHHIV6ACLcB/s400/CSFConference.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Photo courtesy of Allison Schneider</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The CC@MIT is the only long-term collaboration venture between a professional theater and a research institution like MIT. Through theater that focuses on the seldom-told stories of science, CC@MIT seeks to not only bring the thrilling narrative of discovery to the public eye, but also spark an ongoing science dialogue. Founded by local theater pro Debra Wise, playwright and MIT theater arts professor Alan Brody, and his colleague Janet Sonenberg, the Collaborative aims to produce at least one science play per season. The colorful posters that lined the hallways of the theater speak to the variety of their past works, all classics of science-based theater: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A Disappearing Number</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Q.E.D.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photograph 51</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, and </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Einstein’s Dreams</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, based on the book by artistic co-director Alan Lightman. Debra Wise, the moderator of the conference’s discussion, proudly rattled off these titles, but noted how “we’re running out of good science plays!” The Collaborative seeks to fill that void, especially with under-represented voices, by commissioning scripts from minority playwrights through their <a href="https://www.centralsquaretheater.org/make-catalyst-2042-donation/">Untold Stories: Catalyst 2024</a> program-- or ”young nerds of color,” as Wise playfully called the series. The next installment will be announced at an upcoming CST Gala, and produced during the theater’s next season.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Next came presentations by several conference attendees. Alona R. Bach offered a preview of her upcoming thesis play about female electrical engineers in British history. Sami Harper and Neerja Aggarwal gave a presentation about </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now Then Again, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">their inaugural play with <a href="http://etc.scripts.mit.edu/">ETC</a>, MIT’s student Experimental Theater Company. Jasmine Florentine, an artist and mechanical engineer, pitched a concept for </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://hexallen.wordpress.com/">Hex Allen</a></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, her lushly-illustrated story about engineering geared to inspire girls to explore STEAM activities. Rounding out the discussion with some topical science, lighting designer Allison Schneider drew connections between optics, physics, and theater lighting effects.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-E1ob6Z0EzyA/Vw3Y4N-fMkI/AAAAAAAAKlA/it8lyF3m0nEXk55o8bX2CSNtTihYQhrAgCLcB/s1600/CSFConference2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-E1ob6Z0EzyA/Vw3Y4N-fMkI/AAAAAAAAKlA/it8lyF3m0nEXk55o8bX2CSNtTihYQhrAgCLcB/s400/CSFConference2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Photo Courtesy of Allison Schnieder</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After the presentations, we sat down with a panel of several accomplished science communicators: Rhodes scholar, musician, mathematician, and science historian Anya Yermakova; Alan Brody, playwright of last season’s </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Operation Epsilon</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; and frequent director at CST Lee Mikeska Gardner. Science and art, they agreed, weren’t always subject to the same rigid division we see today, and once coexisted in intellectual circles. Just as philosophy is meant to be lived rather than simply studied, Yermakova remarked, science can and should be put on stage, rather than keeping it in the classroom.</span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The conference concluded with a matinee performance of CC@MIT’s latest production, the Tom Stoppard staple </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arcadia</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Stay tuned for a full review...or head to Central Square Theater to <a href="https://www.centralsquaretheater.org/shows/arcadia/">check out a performance yourself!</a></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial"; line-height: 18.216px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E. Rosser is a science writer and mechanical engineer currently wrapping up a degree at MIT. As a designer and theater enthusiast, she's left this conference excited to start making more science theater! She was honored and thrilled to be part of the Conference discussion, and thanks the staff of the Central Square Theater for organizing it.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-32456545317932845472016-04-13T16:37:00.001-04:002016-04-13T16:37:20.877-04:00Curiosity Challenge: How do Cells Work?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Z0NeQYkRgHI/Vwe2XIjMzHI/AAAAAAAAAAk/KvnDQgsouOsjtrkLlLjZbGr8KPSOvACjA/s1600/Jollie_10%2Bedited.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="153" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Z0NeQYkRgHI/Vwe2XIjMzHI/AAAAAAAAAAk/KvnDQgsouOsjtrkLlLjZbGr8KPSOvACjA/s200/Jollie_10%2Bedited.png" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hi Jollie,
thanks for the question. This is a hard question to answer because cells are so
different from each other. Cells are specialized to do the job they perform.
Nerve cells look completely different than liver cells and perform a different
function within the body. Also animal, plant, and bacterial cells all differ from one another. To answer your question I’m going to focus on the general
principles that enable animal cells to function.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Cells were
initially discovered (observed) following the invention of microscopes in the
17<sup>th</sup> century. Cell theory, stating that cells form the
fundamental unit of life, was put forward over 150 years later. In the 20<sup>th</sup>
and 21<sup>st</sup> centuries a major goal of biological research has been to
understand how cells work, so that we can recognize what goes wrong in disease
and how best to intervene to cure the condition. The working of individual
cells can be summarized basically as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Proteins
do the work of the cell. They perform the function of the cell whether that’s
to send an electrical signal along a nerve fiber, or to detect invading
pathogens as part of the immune system. These functions occur via enzymatic
reactions that require energy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Class/MLACourse/Modules/MolBioReview/images/central_dogma.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Class/MLACourse/Modules/MolBioReview/images/central_dogma.gif" height="232" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The central dogma of biology, </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">which describes how DNA encodes protein assembly.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">From NCBI Molecular Biology Reviews.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Cells
get their energy by converting sugars (glucose) into ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) in specialized structures called mitochondria. ATP is a carrier
of energy and it’s used in lots of different enzymatic reactions where its
breakdown releases the stored energy and enables the reaction to occur. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Where
do proteins come from? Simply from DNA. DNA contains small units called genes,
which provide the information or code required to tell the cell how to make
proteins out of individual building blocks (amino acids). By turning on one set
of genes and turning off another set of genes, cells acquire specialized
functions so that a liver cell looks and functions differently from a nerve
cell.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">So we know
a lot about how a cell works. But would it surprise you if I told you that only
last month (March 2016) <a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6280/aad6253" target="_blank"><b>scientists reported</b></a> the design of the first cell to contain the minimal number
of genes that support cell growth and replication. Of the 473 genes required to
generate the simplest cell, scientists know the function of only 324 of those
genes. This synthetic cell was a bacterial cell and far less complex than human
cells, which have approximately 20,000-25,000 genes. The <a href="https://www.genome.gov/10001772" target="_blank"><b>Human Genome Project</b></a> </span>provided the full sequence of human DNA in 2003 (the first draft was released
in 2001). Since then, scientists all over the world have been trying to
translate that information to identify all the genes in the human genome, the
function of the proteins they encode, and how these genes are controlled, such
as in the <a href="https://www.encodeproject.org/" target="_blank"><b>ENCODE project</b></a>.
This information will help scientists discover how cellular function becomes
disrupted in disease and will hopefully provide the means to design targeted
therapies to combat those conditions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Find out more about the biology of cells and organisms at the Cambridge Science Festival!</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold;">Build </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Build" style="background-color: white; color: #0099cc; font-weight: bold; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></a><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold;">Your Own Living Organism: Bioengineering for Everyone (two-day workshop) </span><span style="background-color: white;">a</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18.216px; white-space: pre-wrap;">t the EMW Community Space, 934 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge. Saturday, April 16, from 1-5pm, and Sunday, April 17, from 1-3pm. Bioengineering allows us to speed up the evolution process! Build your own living organism during this introductory two-day workshop for ages 10+. Pre-register at <a href="http://bit.ly/1OPVVdR." target="_blank">http://bit.ly/1OPVVdR.</a></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold;">CELL</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="CELL" style="background-color: white; color: #0099cc; font-weight: bold; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></a><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold;"> @ Novartis Open House - Check It Out!</span><span style="background-color: white;"> at </span><span style="background-color: white;">CELL@Novartis, 22 Windsor St., Cambridge, April 21st 1-4pm and April 23rd 10am-2pm. Through hands-on experimentation and minds-on problem solving, our programs aim to develop technical skills, build confidence, and open a world of possibilities for students to explore biomedical research and STEM.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">--------</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Karen Featherstone is a research scientist specializing in molecular
and cell biology. Karen’s Ph.D and post-doctoral research investigated how DNA
is regulated and how this determines cell function. </span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18161833456650381395noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-33862084067402565932016-04-12T15:37:00.001-04:002016-04-12T15:37:16.597-04:00Curiosity Challenge: How Can Lizards Regrow Body Parts?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">You may know that some animals, such as reptiles and
amphibians, can grow back lost body parts, but how do they do that?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mYtj2TAJvlw/Vwq4ndBS5FI/AAAAAAAAAuU/CqaXkCmkEgYvIQNazOXGer-olYTrt2dqQ/s1600/liztitle.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mYtj2TAJvlw/Vwq4ndBS5FI/AAAAAAAAAuU/CqaXkCmkEgYvIQNazOXGer-olYTrt2dqQ/s400/liztitle.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drag_(2563573605).jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The process that allows animals, such as reptiles, to grow back their lost body parts is called <b>regeneration</b>. In order to understand regeneration, we must learn about DNA and gene regulation. Every living organism, from bacteria to plants, and including humans, are made up of cells. Cells are known as the smallest unit of living things. Cells are really small, and you need a microscope to take a close look at them. In fact, the human body is made up of trillions of cells! </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">You may also know that DNA is called the <i>genetic material</i> in our cells. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, and it contains instructions for our cells. DNA is made up of nucleotides. We have four DNA nucleotides: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. The specific order of these nucleotides makes up our genetic material, and “packets” of DNA are called genes. You might hear that you get two copies of a gene, one from your mom, and one from your dad. Everybody’s DNA is different because we all have different copies of genes—this make us all unique!</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Cells are the smallest units of living things. DNA is the genetic material in cells, and it is contained inside the cell's nucleus. DNA contains genes with instructions for our cells. DNA is composed of four different nucleotides, and the order of the nucleotides makes us all unique.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When lizards lose their tails, genes are turned on or off that allow them to grow back their tails. Scientists have discovered 326 genes important for tail regeneration. Some of these genes are also turned on during the development of the baby lizard (embryogenesis), and during wound healing. Scientists have found that genes in two complex signaling pathways known as <i>Wnt</i> and <i>MAPK</i> are important for lizard tails to grow back. These two pathways are important for making sure that cells are taking care of themselves. For example, when these pathways are not functioning properly, diseases such as cancer can occur.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Scientists believe that when lizards regenerate their tails, cells become “dedifferentiated.” This means that the cells near the injury become more like stem cells, and can be "programmed" to help grow back the tail. This process involves a lot of different genes, and regulation of these genes is what allows the lost body parts to grow back! Some genes are turned on, and some are turned off.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Being able to regenerate lost tails can be very helpful for lizards trying to escape predators. Lizards can control when to shed off their tails in a behavior known as <i>autotomy</i>. When a lizard feels it is in danger, it can shed its tail as a self-defense mechanism. The lost tail distracts the predator, and it allows the lizard to flee.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">One thing to keep in mind is that limb regeneration takes time. The process can take weeks or months for lizards. Regeneration is a very interesting topic, but it is not just for lizards. For example, starfish can also grow back their arms!</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hOt6NlGaR0I/Vwq7798OFhI/AAAAAAAAAus/JrRxcXd9aYQME6Wz7459sC6j4WaTPVKaA/s1600/starfish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hOt6NlGaR0I/Vwq7798OFhI/AAAAAAAAAus/JrRxcXd9aYQME6Wz7459sC6j4WaTPVKaA/s320/starfish.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starfish_02_(paulshaffner).jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Although you may see lizards grow back their tails all the time on TV, scientists in real life are studying how lizards can regenerate their limbs in order to improve medicine! Hopefully this type of work can help scientists and doctors perform more advanced surgeries and discover better treatments for diseases.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Further Reading</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.reptilesmagazine.com/Lizards/Information-News/How-Do-Lizards-Regrow-Their-Tails-Researchers-Have-Found-the-Answer/">Reptiles Magazine</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2014/08/22/regrowing-limbs-gene-map-of-how-lizards-regrow-tails-offers-insight-to-regenerative-medicine/">Genetic Literacy Project</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0105004">PLOS ONE</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">--------------</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Kenny Chen is a research assistant at MIT earning his PhD in Chemistry. He enjoys biomedical research and is curious about genes and biological processes.</span></div>
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Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-78539474022667024322016-04-11T13:12:00.001-04:002016-04-11T13:12:28.787-04:00Curiosity Challenge: How Were Animals Created?<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QD5hCZZwems/Vwva5QM73oI/AAAAAAAADSc/9aUGM4sTqQ4wpbzjSPbi8sszCYQ8TLGRw/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-04-11%2Bat%2B1.11.28%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="182" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QD5hCZZwems/Vwva5QM73oI/AAAAAAAADSc/9aUGM4sTqQ4wpbzjSPbi8sszCYQ8TLGRw/s400/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-04-11%2Bat%2B1.11.28%2BPM.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hi there CSF followers, fans, and supporters!</span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-09e572bd-ebb8-b64e-408f-1b0a4f4753cf" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Anna Bishop here again, answering an awesome biology question from Ava Hartshorn, Age 7: How Were Animals Created?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="220" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/IZ3FEPieaZgsmsnN2NDdI1GSaNIM1Qz3QpjaeP5YYRZBykxvVXgb4cEs3X9aB9DA2sxY_c22e-jXod0hYZ01C7Os9lAPhJo8oJoJlBegiz8ViN7qreHordHO2TvUKq2xIBcVIjFB" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="330" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13.333333333333332px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">( a picture of animal cells under a microscope)</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Well, it all started about 575 million years ago, a time called the Ediacaran Period, when primitive animals began to develop. Lumps of cells probably weren’t what you were thinking of when you thought of animals! But lumps of cells created the first animals on Earth. There are three educated guesses about how this happened. </span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The first thought is that animals were made from clumps of cells (the smallest units of life) that banded together (like a slime mold) in a group called a “grex,” and helped each other survive. Did you know a slime mold can move around, and is a kind of animal?</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Another idea is that one cell’s center separated into many cells, and a thin skin (called a membrane) formed around each one of these clumps and protected them. This group of cells could have become an animal. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The third idea (and my personal favorite) is that when the “children” of one cell did not separate from their “mother” cell, the cells all morphed into a single unit. Each cell developed a special job to make work easier for the whole creature: This is seen in both animal embryos (animal babies that are not yet born) and in small cooperative cells that we see today, as well as in fossils from the time animals developed.</span></div>
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<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Every group of animals evolved from the ones before it. Have you heard of Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection? Darwin suggested that animals change and develop based on how well they are able to survive. Here’s an example: A giraffe with a very long neck will be able to eat the leaves from tall trees, but a giraffe with a short neck will starve to death because it cannot reach and eat the leaves. Since only the longer-necked giraffes are around to have a family, they will have babies that are like them: long-necked. In this way, every animal species gradually becomes better and better at surviving, and is more complex.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="308" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/vl3SVHuZkxGVZaci0GFHufSWMH2EMnOKRC-4j9hs7thRu9y1p94NumEhXFRnR8wa0XQ2IItlLQdrKKWacAk2E7-7wHwZXkPfLf6QMFNMr-jcpAj0kZNlpl_Zrm6oOFmk8OI1ZL49" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="413" /></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">But back to the beginning days of animals. Let’s fast forward a few million years. Non-moving creatures that looked kind of like this (a </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dickinsonia</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) began to appear. Exciting, right?</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="289" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/kI8-DDJJN7At5JCAh3NGfg52J6GgLI0EC6hTbP8scVzgLnOlDxtrslOftdkp-JEk-AnzWc9rmPM7oTDYL5pggXeSFfwVLqSCCTVK3huypjoEbWE0r7vd_WzOmsvansF2NXLyiEJ6" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="552" /></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This animal most likely crawled along the sea floor, eating microbes (teeny cells like bacteria and protists). Many scientists think that animals were simple back then because there was not a lot of oxygen in the atmosphere. More complex animals like fish and insects need a lot of oxygen to stay alive! </span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Earth was cold in those days, but eventually it began to thaw, and entered a period we call the Cambrian Period. Most of the early creatures like </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dickinsonia </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">died because more advanced animals evolved and began to eat up the microorganisms that the Ediacaran animals relied on for food. </span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">33 millions years after the beginning of Ediacaran animals, we have what scientists call the Cambrian Explosion. A new animal came to be: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Treptichnus pedum, a </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">worm-like animal with a hook-shaped tail that burrowed in the floor of the ocean. The animals we know came after it looked sort of like snails and clams: soft and slimy inside, with hard mineral shells to protect them. Most of them were only around two millimeters long, about the length of the tip of a crayon. Here is what some of their shells looked like:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="285" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/ksb3WWLoxjX6KN53HVZSTuus-34wAAds0fgtn9-RXo_abb8UetUiy3iVDYO9_mUPg64li8G6Yp6OxGq4U94N93UcI2QGtGrmEONw2PWBJV6xNedgzz5g46y10vPjy-WrQST9fAYX" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="538" /></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Is this what you were thinking of when you asked about animals? Not yet? The next big change in animal life gave way to sponges and coral. Then came Trilobites, a group of animals related to Horseshoe crabs. These creatures moved, but didn’t run.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">During the Devonian Period, organisms like fish, leeches, and starfish began to appear. In fact, one of the largest fish species ever to live on Earth lived during this time: the Dunkleosteus, an armoured fish that grew up to 33 feet. Its jaws had a crushing power of 1,664 lbs., and the fish itself weighed about 8,000 lbs.! To us, it would have looked like a sea monster! Late in the Devonian Period, amphibians (animals that lived on both land and water) and land-dwelling insects began to appear. Amphibians and reptiles evolved from lobe-finned fish, like this:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="263" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/cLn39srMUw4tIhm2B_g1fZhe1INPxi2zTnh_vaEfLmWi0cYGRBLq1nswpeFSPxSSuo8zAN_HWS-1o4NyIP-AXzbDPdoGOM26GJKmkRTziCOb6JdHYSIEvNLQlqkrywOqTD8VfR76" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="366" /></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Next, during the Carboniferous Period, came spiders, scorpions, and mites. Reptiles grew popular in the dry conditions the Earth saw then. In fact, there were many more kinds of reptiles back then, and their sizes ranged from six feet to six inches. Animals like dragonflies began to develop, but not like the little pretty ones you see in your backyard. These dragonflies had wingspans of around three feet -- about as big across as the average 3-year-old! A scorpion-like animal, the Pulmonoscorpius, was a fearsome two and a half feet long. Many scientists think that animals were so big back then because a great amount of oxygen had developed in the atmosphere -- 35% -- greater than it had been before and has ever been since. Here is what an Archaeothyris, a reptile from which all mammals evolved, might have looked like:</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="323" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/jbSxB9gGfZ1HqcPELOp89-Uo_nCgQdfGBO0dyXbctGZRUdvekBsdavYprGogCWjWpNpJHjU98YLnduKbBJqYuFqktDmij13KN2drjjDDhrhlD_HtK87Ft6fs48seyyYh-WcHj0uH" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="509" /></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">At the end of the Permian Period, there was a disastrous mass-extinction. Almost all the ocean animals died, and more than half of the land animals died. It took the ecosystem more the 30 million years to recover. However, once the ecosystem had recovered, the age of the dinosaurs began: the late Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Here’s where we can see some of the animals you might be thinking of: dinosaurs, the first birds, and the first mammals. The first mammal we know of is Adelobasileus, and the first dinosaur we know of is Plateosaurus. Here are artists’ pictures of what they might have looked like:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="283" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/pKtpVaD09ahDY5KvF_id6l2YYqawTrTcfBVEx52sqVAhnpGDLOUmXaGs-3skWb-lcm2qhXWNIA_NDu_swyRq1i98FUU1pKOSrjzLetsODWzpxKye_C3XAR6BfujgBkPw0225eix3" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="624" /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Above) The first mammal (Below) The first dinosaur</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="192" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/1YvOq55q4a3tX1Q_OdEShTrbK6NkSAJ0ou_RDS9TVpPQB2L8iFg9oEkU-_kSd880aEX68LMIMa5vwNb3kMIKdejUQr8RTUGNQr3-I6rnxDXfkjswjcDt1xp9OaoyIWatlPnnA2IJ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="624" /></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Imagine that: all the dogs, horses, rabbits, and people you see today came from that fuzzy gray animal! The first mammals were Marsupials, like koalas and kangaroos, who carry a tiny baby around in their pouch until it is fully developed. This was because the early mammals’ hips were too small to give birth to a fully developed baby.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Next is an artist’s drawing of Archaeopteryx: the first bird. It was about the size of a raven, had teeth, and a long tail, which changed as birds evolved. The fact that it has feathers tells us it was warm-blooded, and therefore not a dinosaur, which is cold-blooded. Since it had sharp teeth, we know it was a carnivore, a meat eater. In this picture, it is chasing a bird-like dinosaur. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="297" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/DAeFHXsln4nd3GwPYbDwx5Jhyc1oB0c0PfpgSaLLNPFvGRpodDdufxm7WciqPbaKrD8uhYXbBv9Cvs6dr01Z-JTmiaFu86xMKg4Bcv2KJyK-TJwLUCkeYVA9vf4_5rG5eiifuoFj" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="410" /></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">You might recognize some of these dinosaurs: Allosaurus, Stegosaurus, and Diplodocus. All of these were Jurassic Era dinosaurs, large and complex reptiles that had split into groups of carnivores and herbivores (meat eaters and plant eaters). There are very few dinosaurs known who were omnivores, (both plant and meat eaters, like us). Stegosaurus, one of the most recognizable of herbivorous dinosaurs in the Jurassic period, was a large, armored dinosaur, that protected itself from predators with a spiky tail. Even though it could be up to 30 ft long, its brain was about the size of a walnut.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="267" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/nkccGiTc8o7qQad8xcQ3KcV4dtti6NuDMISJY8-bSBHs9PRrVmbtqU21XckCDCRAaUWh75eWDCdOO1ymzQctei5rpIJ39yAMVAvCi38JM18lDsKpGHAf8uOLRJNbUyfEndj_yZxs" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="367" /></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">During the Cretaceous Period was when we saw the Tyrannosaurus, Velociraptor, Triceratops, three of the most famous dinosaurs. Most mammals at this time were still small and mouselike, but had developed wider hips, making it more likely for their young to survive. The Earth was dominated by dinosaurs, the biggest and most powerful animals on the planet. It was the next era, the Paleogene, where mammals began to become many species, and the dinosaurs died out (We aren’t sure why, but scientists have a few ideas.). </span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Humans, as we know them, developed in the next period, the Neogene, about 7.5 million years ago. We were most closely related to Chimpanzees when we became our own species. Our most important trait to distinguish us from our ape relatives is walking on two legs, which other apes do occasionally, but not constantly, like we do.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We then have the Quaternary Period, the period we are in now. During this period, we domesticated (or, made into pets or farm animals) animals like goats, dogs, cats, horses, cows, sheep, and pigs. We moved around the world and became the largest mammal population on Earth!</span></div>
<img alt="Illustration-of-the-species-Homo-habilis-.jpg (1164×763)" src="http://www.ancient-origins.net/sites/default/files/field/image/Illustration-of-the-species-Homo-habilis-.jpg" height="209" width="320" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<img alt="cave_art_dog.jpg (300×232)" src="http://www.scienceagogo.com/news/img/cave_art_dog.jpg" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The rest is history! I hope that answers your question, Ava! I’m glad to hear you’re curious about Biology, the science of life. Bye for now, and stay curious!</span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">About the Author: Anna Bishop is a sophomore at Sturgis Charter Public School and critter enthusiast. She is part of the Teen Advisory Board for the CSF, and her interests include zoology, zoo-psychology, ethology, raising insects, linguistics, and trying new recipes. </span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02241948739540071070noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-8407176649054389472016-04-10T14:33:00.000-04:002016-04-10T14:33:39.742-04:00Curiosity Challenge: Who Taught the First Teacher?<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sQWG6RlDy2U/VwqcUQhh4sI/AAAAAAAADSA/xgQhAahToyIoB3U9rNJ6xi-jH5ZBtQyIA/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-04-10%2Bat%2B2.32.11%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sQWG6RlDy2U/VwqcUQhh4sI/AAAAAAAADSA/xgQhAahToyIoB3U9rNJ6xi-jH5ZBtQyIA/s320/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-04-10%2Bat%2B2.32.11%2BPM.png" width="313" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><br />
<span lang="EN-US">Great
question Onasis. The most straight forward answer I can give is: their parents.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Teaching
and learning in its earliest form would have occurred by imitation. Our early ancestors would have imitated their parents, just like animals on nature TV shows imitate their parents' hunting and survival skills. The acquisition of language and the
generation and use of tools enabled the initial advancement of the human
species from small groups of nomadic hunter-gatherers to larger agricultural
communities, in what is termed the Neolithic Revolution. The benefit of
agricultural food production to the individual health in these communities is not
entirely clear. But, ultimately, these communities supported larger populations.
The development of larger communities led to the specialization of skills and
roles within the community, for example farming, building, and trade. These
communities developed into sophisticated societies with governmental structures,
formalized ideology, and religion. The ancient Greeks and Egyptians are
excellent examples of early human societies and how they were organized via
class systems. The generation of writing within these societies drove the need for
and development of a formalized education system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">In ancient
societies most learning and teaching activities were between parents and
children. Children would learn the trade of their parents and there wasn’t much
opportunity to progress to different professions. The invention of writing
(firstly from pictographic forms to the use of symbols in logographic forms)
initiated the development of formalized learning environments. Archaeological
evidence suggests that the Sumerians developed the first schools in what was
Mesopotamia (an area that relates to present day Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait). The
schools were associated with temples and were used to educate boys to become
scribes and priests. A couple of centuries later, writing appeared in ancient
Egypt, followed by the need for educated scribes. Scribes often followed their
fathers into the profession, but there is evidence that boys from lower classes
and girls could also become scribes. Formalized schooling of scribes was
attached to religion and the temples. In both Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, a student who made a mistake was physically beaten.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">To find out
more about how writing and the use of numbers developed, see the <b><a href="http://cambridgesciencefestivalblog.blogspot.com/2016/04/curiosity-challenge-who-created-numbers.html" target="_blank">Cambridge Science Festival Blog - who created numbers and letters.</a> </b></span></div>
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You can
also read more about the evolution of intelligence on the <b><a href="http://cambridgesciencefestivalblog.blogspot.com/2016/03/curiosity-challenge-how-did.html#more" target="_blank">Cambridge Science Festival Blog - how did intelligence evolve over time.</a></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/75/177675-004-4E3B8D5F.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/75/177675-004-4E3B8D5F.jpg" height="320" width="243" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plato (left) pointing to the heavens and the realm of forms, <br />
Aristotle (right) pointing to the realm of things. <br />
From Encyclopaedia Britannica.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">But who
were the first teachers? Confucius (551-479 BC) is credited as being the first
teacher. He was a philosopher, politician, and teacher in China. He wanted
education to be broadly available and for teaching to be recognized as a
profession. His philosophical ideas revolved around respect for family and
ancestor worship, and are the founding principles of Confucianism, which is
still influential in Chinese culture to this day. The ancient Greek philosophers
Socrates (died 399 BC), Plato (approx 424-348 BC), and Aristotle (384-322 BC)
are probably more famously recognizable as early teachers. Plato was a student
of Socrates and founded what may have been the first higher education facility
of the western world (<i>Akademia</i>).
Aristotle attended Plato’s <i>Akademia </i>and, following Plato’s death, left to tutor Alexander the Great. He also founded a
school called the Lyceum. All three men contributed greatly to western
philosophy and Aristotle has been credited as being the founder of logical theory
and the scientific method. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">In America,
it was the Pilgrims who established schools and introduced formal education in
the 1600s. The Boston Latin School was the first public school in America (founded in 1635), and is the oldest existing school in the US. Elementary schooling was not made
compulsory in all states until 1918.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">---------</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Karen Featherstone is a research scientist specializing in molecular
and cell biology. Karen enjoys mentoring early career scientists, but finds teaching tricky as she always has more questions than answers.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18161833456650381395noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-75811451323617257082016-04-09T06:50:00.000-04:002016-04-09T06:50:58.936-04:00Curiosity Challenge: Mucus!Every year in the Curiosity Challenge we get questions about mucus. Why do we get stuffy noses when we get sick? What is that yellow stuff anyway?<br />
<br />
Some of our friends have made a great video to explain it! MIT alum, Thomas Crouzier (now assistant professor at the Royal Institute
of Technology in Sweden), and Julia Co (now a postdoc at Stanford)
wanted to share with the world their favorite material, mucus! With
support from the Materials Research Society Foundation, and together
with animator, Mair Perkins, they've created a short animation about how
mucus keeps us healthy. <br />
<br />
Check it out:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/sJW3GiICR8c/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sJW3GiICR8c?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08485237401559042480noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-4166247407509712402016-04-08T13:29:00.002-04:002016-04-12T22:09:32.159-04:00A Letter to the 18+ STEAM Aficionados:<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">by Paola Salazar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-owC4jekLbxg/VwKywd96j0I/AAAAAAAAAPA/o0Ur32lcNHsYfy7uNU7tiX2XHbv2ZGhXA/s1600/franklin-institute-680uw.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-owC4jekLbxg/VwKywd96j0I/AAAAAAAAAPA/o0Ur32lcNHsYfy7uNU7tiX2XHbv2ZGhXA/s200/franklin-institute-680uw.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PC: The Franklin Institute, Adults-Only Event guests</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Please let it be known that you have not been forgotten! We have a lot of great events
lined up for our more mature members in the CSF community. In fact, we’ve rounded up a couple of favorite events just for you!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">I mean
really, who ever said we were too old to find STEAM fun? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></u></i></b><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Science & The Arts<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">improvscience LIvE:
Behind the Lab Coat, at Taco Night<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="improv"></a>, 7:00pm - 9:00pm, Monday
April 18<sup>th</sup></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Once (Cuisine en
Locale), 156 Highland Ave, Somerville. Free!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">While it may not be the
first topic that comes to mind, science happens to be a great subject for improv,
as per </span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://improvscience.org/" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">improvscience</span></b></a>.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Come join us and enjoy the Cuisine en Locale
menu and some performances about what it’s like to be a scientist—from
academics and beyond!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Others:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Listen to some musical renditions of spring and pray that Boston and
Mother Nature are hearing too with: <b>Harbinger of Spring<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Harbinger"></a>,
7-8:30pm, Sunday April 24<sup>th. </sup></b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Harvard University, Knafel Center, 10 Garden St., Cambridge. $15,
details </span><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/hmsc.harvard.edu/event/harbinger-spring-concert-inspired-nature-and-gardens"><span style="color: #00b0f0;">here</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Swing by for an </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Artisan's Asylum Tour<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Artisan"></a>, 8:00pm -
9:00pm, Wednesday April 20</span><span style="font-size: 11.1111px;">th</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Artisan's Asylum, 10
Tyler St, Somerville. Free. Register</span><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/artisansasylum.com/events"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">here</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Stop by and learn about how scientists and artists combine two seemingly
unrelated worlds in some unique ways with: <b>Science, Music, and the Art of
Creative Thinking<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Music"></a>, 7:00pm - 8:30pm, Friday April 22<sup>nd</sup>.
</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Broad Institute
Auditorium, 415 Main Street, Cambridge. Free, RSVP: </span><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="mailto:stefanie@aceraschool.org"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">stefanie@aceraschool.org</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Our speakers include <a href="http://www.psycheloui.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Psyche Loui</span></a>, a neuroscientist
& violinist, <a href="http://www.drlisamwong.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lisa Wong</span></a>,
a pediatrician & champion of the arts, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GiiVxkwEzc0" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gus Halwani</span></a>,
a jazz musician, educator & neuroscientist, and <a href="http://susannaogata.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Susanna Ogata</span></a>, of the Handel
+ Haydn Society. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Another Beer, Please!<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9K4zOiOxB_g/VwKzfZE6CcI/AAAAAAAAAPI/WKqACqpSMqME65OsgUSdT5nzaRPpSoj4A/s1600/crowdandtalk.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9K4zOiOxB_g/VwKzfZE6CcI/AAAAAAAAAPI/WKqACqpSMqME65OsgUSdT5nzaRPpSoj4A/s400/crowdandtalk.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Crowd and speaker at a Science by the Pint <a href="https://lolathesciencegirl.wordpress.com/2014/02/16/science-by-the-pint-makes-science-approachable-and-fun-for-scientists-and-the-general-public/">event</a> in February 2014. PC: Paola Salazar</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/science-by-the-pint/" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">Science by the
Pint</span></b></a> </span><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> @
Aeronaut: Gravitational Waves Unplugged, 5:30-7:30pm, Sunday April 24<sup>th<o:p></o:p></sup></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Aeronaut Brewing
Company, 14 Tyler St, Somerville.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Free.
21+. Cash Bar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">You may have heard back in February
about gravitational waves. MIT Professor <b><span style="color: #00b0f0;"><a href="http://web.mit.edu/sahughes/www/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">Scott Hughes</span></a></span></b> and
members of his group from the Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space
Research and the MIT LIGO Laboratory will be around to discuss this incredible
discovery and what it means for us and the future of physics. Come grab a
seat! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Others:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">In a Haze<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Haze"></a>:
Studying Marijuana, 5:30pm - 7:30pm, Wednesday April 20<sup>th</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Aeronaut Brewing
Company, 14 Tyler St, Somerville. Free, 21+. Cash Bar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Science Pint Night<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Pint"></a>, 6:30pm - 8:00pm, Thursday April 21<sup>st</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Rattlesnake Bar and
Grill, 384 Boylston St, Boston. Free, 21+. Cash Bar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Brewing <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Brewing"></a>Science with Aeronaut, 12:30-4pm, Sunday April 24<sup>th<o:p></o:p></sup></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Aeronaut Brewing, 14
Tyler Street, Somerville. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Society, Science, Shenanigans<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Worthy of AtTENtion: 10
Years of Discovery in 10 Minutes<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Worthy"></a>, 6:00pm - 8:30pm, Saturday
April 16<sup>th</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">MIT Museum, 265
Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge. Free!</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Eric Hoffner once said that learners
will inherit the world, while the learned find themselves only equipped for a
world that no longer exists. And so this event is a bit of a shoutout to some
of the greatest learners of a constantly changing world, at least for the last
ten years. Hear from ten different researchers as they reflect on the
developments in their fields over the last decade and take a peek into what
they expect to come next. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Science Fiction Panel of
Experts<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Fiction"></a>, 6:30pm - 8:00pm, </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Wednesday
April 20<sup>th</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Cambridge Public Library
Lecture Hall, 449 Broadway. Free!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">For the SciFi fans, we bring you <b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="m.t.andersonhttp://mt-anderson.com/"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">M.T. Anderson</span></a></span></b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">, <b><a href="http://www.garybraver.com/"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">Gary Braver</span></a></b> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">and</span><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="http://www.starrigger.net/"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">Jeffrey Carver</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">, </span>some diverse and well-known authors
in the genre. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Others:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Big Ideas for Busy People, 7:30 - 9:30pm<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">, Friday April </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">15<sup>th</sup></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">First Parish in Cambridge, 1446 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge. </span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents/bigideasforbusypeople.aspx" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">More details...</span></b></a> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">$10,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Register <b><span style="color: #00b0f0;"><a href="http://bigideascsf2016.eventbrite.com/"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">here</span></a>.</span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><sup> </sup></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Science Trivia:
Einstein, Acronyms, Astronomy<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Trivia"></a>, 4:30pm - 6:30pm, Friday April
15<sup>th</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">John Harvard Brewery
& Ale House, 33 Dunster Street, Cambridge. </span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://bit.ly/1miO0JC" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">More details...</span></b></a>
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Free, 21+</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Register <b><span style="color: #00b0f0;"><a href="https://www.eventbrite.com/e/abcam-science-trivia-einstein-acronyms-astronomy-tickets-20281720171"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">here</span></a>.</span></b><span style="color: #666666;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">60-minute Dialogues on
Science in Society<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="60"></a>, 7:00pm - 9:00pm, </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Wednesday April 20<sup>th</sup></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Free!</span><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Prop open your laptops and get ready
for one or two<b><span style="color: #00b0f0;">
<a href="https://plus.google.com/hangouts/_/event/cnneforvalqefdq6ur4sfn97l1g"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">Google hangouts</span></a></span></b>,
depending on your time! 7:00pm Topic: Science and Policy that Would Improve Responses to Extreme Climatic Events. 8:00pm Topic: Genetic Purification or
Biomedical Revolution? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Hope <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Hope"></a>Jahren
discusses LAB GIRL, 7:00pm - 8:30pm, </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Wednesday
April 20<sup>th</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">WorkBar Cambridge, 45
Prospect St., Cambridge. Free. </span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://www.harvard.com/event/hope_jahren/" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">More details...</span></b></a>
</span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Exploring<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Exploring"></a> Career Options in STEM: Speed Networking, 5:30pm -
9:00pm, Friday April 22<sup>nd</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Picower Institute, 43
Vassar Street (MIT bldg. 46), Cambridge. $15-$30. Register</span><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/mass-awis.org/exploring-career-options-in-stem-speed-networking-friday-april-22nd/"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">here.</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://mass-awis.org/exploring-career-options-in-stem-speed-networking-friday-april-22nd/" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">More details...</span></b></a> </span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">When Science Met Media<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fR3gBYT_QJY/VwK0cm6XXII/AAAAAAAAAPU/sxGLeUauAfYk89GrFktU3qyA5fpS5NIiw/s1600/44447.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fR3gBYT_QJY/VwK0cm6XXII/AAAAAAAAAPU/sxGLeUauAfYk89GrFktU3qyA5fpS5NIiw/s320/44447.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PC: TBC</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dimensions of Doctor Who<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Doctor"></a>, 7:00pm - 9:30pm,</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Saturday April 23rd<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">MIT Museum, 265
Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge. $10-15, Cash Bar. Tickets </span><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://www.eventbrite.com/e/dimensions-of-doctor-who-tickets-22749015919"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">here</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What’s that box in the
sky wheezing its way to the MIT Museum? Oh you know, just the TARDIS!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ladies and gents, we are
happy to announce that we’ve prepared an evening dedicated to exploring the
realms of truth behind the Doctor Who universe. Better yet, we’re bringing you
local scientists and the research they’re doing that might just get us to a
world closer to that of the Doctor’s Cosplay welcome, of course! Now if you’ll
excuse me, I need to go prepare for when I finally get to be a companion…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://theexpertshow.com/" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">You’re the Expert</span></b></a></span><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: Live at CSF 2016<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Expert"></a>, 7:30pm -
9:00pm, Thursday April 21<sup>st</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Brattle Theater, 40
Brattle St., Cambridge. $20 (MIT-free). Tickets</span><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <a href="http://youretheexpert0421.bpt.me/"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">here</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">WBUR/NPR’s You’re the Expert</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> uses comedy to make academic research more accessible
and exciting—and it’s coming to you. Through game show segments and hilariously
misguided guesses, a panel of comedians will try to get to the bottom of what a
distinguished scientist studies all day. You won’t want to miss being part of
the audience for this live show and podcast taping. <i>You're the Expert</i> is
hosted by<b><span style="color: #666666;"> </span><span style="color: #00b0f0;"><a href="http://www.chrisduffycomedy.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">Chris Duffy</span></a></span></b><span style="color: #666666;"> </span>and produced by<span style="color: #00b0f0;"> <b><a href="http://prettygoodfriends.com/"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">Pretty Good
Friends</span></a></b></span><b><span style="color: #666666;">.</span></b><span style="color: #666666;"> </span>Doors at
7pm. <span style="color: #666666;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Science Writing<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Writing"></a> Workshop: Stealing from Fiction's Toolkit, 1:00pm -
4:00pm,</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Sunday April 17<sup>th</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">MIT Museum, 265
Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> $10 (includes
Museum admission). Register<span style="color: #666666;"> </span><b><span style="color: #00b0f0;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">here</span></a>.</span></b><span style="color: #666666;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">So this is a mandatory event for a
science festival, given that most of us have a dual life as sci-fi authors (or,
you know, if we can dream it, we can believe it). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Others:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Science of
TV's <i>The Big Bang Theory</i>: Explanations Even Penny Would Understand<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Big"></a>, 6:00pm - 7:30pm, Thursday April 21<sup>st</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Aeronaut Brewing Company,
14 Tyler Street, Somerville.</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <a href="http://davezobel.com/bbt/" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">More details...</span></b></a> </span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Science<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Dark"></a> Festival
After Dark Film Series with the Brattle Theatre, 9:30pm - 11:00pm, Tuesday April 19th<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Brattle Theater, 40
Brattle Street, Cambridge. Click</span><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <a href="http://www.brattlefilm.org/category/calendar-2/special-engagements/cambridge-science-festival-after-dark/"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">here </span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">for details and tickets.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Science & Our Environment<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Green Dream:
Powering the World With Clean Energy<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Green"></a>, 5:30-7:30pm, Wednesday
April 20<sup>th</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Google Cambridge, 355
Main Street, 5th Floor. Free. Register </span><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://www.eventbrite.com/e/solve-talks-at-google-a-thought-leadership-speaker-series-in-the-heart-of-kendall-square-tickets-18214057737"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">here</span></a>.</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Are we technologically
ready to abandon fossil fuels? What are the political, economic and social
barriers to adopting green technology? Join us as Tufts’</span><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <a href="http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Fletcher_Directory/Directory/Faculty%20Profile?personkey=3D0D3EF2-98C9-40C5-9BE9-EB072A28ED6F"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">Kelly Sims
Gallagher</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> and MIT’s</span><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <a href="http://web.mit.edu/nse/lester/about/index.html"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">Richard Lester</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> and </span><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://mitei.mit.edu/research/energy-faculty/jessika-trancik"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">Jessika Trancik</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> walk us through the logistics of creating and
supporting a greener tomorrow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Mapping<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Mapping"></a> Climate
Change through Citizen Science and Art, 2:00pm - 3:30pm, Tuesday April 19<sup>th</sup>
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">MassArt Design and Media
Center, 621 Huntington Ave., Boston. Free.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Join us for a presentation and
workshop on the convergence of Art, Biology, and Storytelling that examines the
effects of climate change on Puerto Rico’s island ecology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Others:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Cambridge Explores the
Universe<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Cambridge"></a>, 12-4pm, Sunday April 23rd</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Harvard-Smithsonian
Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St, Cambridge. Free.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3D Printing Cambridge in
the Idea Hub<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="3D"></a>, 12-4pm, Sunday April 24<sup>th</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">MIT Museum, 265
Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge. Free.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CSF’s TechWorld<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S9-1eEv-b_Q/VwK1De1AStI/AAAAAAAAAPY/uam9o5uvttEIH_EdV8tggoJ4JrwGjs0Qw/s1600/https_proxy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S9-1eEv-b_Q/VwK1De1AStI/AAAAAAAAAPY/uam9o5uvttEIH_EdV8tggoJ4JrwGjs0Qw/s320/https_proxy.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PC: Artisan's Asylum</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Circuit Hacking Night<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Circuit"></a> at </span></b><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://artisansasylum.com/" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #0099cc; text-decoration: none;">Artisan's Asylum</span></b></a></span><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">, 6:00pm - 8:00pm,</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Wednesday April 20<sup>th</sup></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Artisan's Asylum, 10
Tyler St, Somerville. Free, 18+. Register </span><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/artisansasylum.com/events"><span style="color: #00b0f0; text-decoration: none;">here</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">On this one night, the electronics
& robotics lab will be open to the public. There will be an introductory
soldering lesson, electronics kits on hand for sale for those who wish to make
things, and experienced hackers and engineers around to answer all your
questions. Feel free to bring your own projects to work on if you have them! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Others:<span style="color: #666666;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">TECHnically Art: A
Collaborative Mural<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Tech"></a>, 10:00am - 1:00pm, Tuesday April 19<sup>th</sup>
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">MIT Museum, 265
Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge. Free with museum admission.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">CIC Technology Showcase<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="CIC"></a>, 4pm-6pm, Wednesday April 20<sup>th</sup> </span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">CIC, 1 Broadway St.,
Cambridge, 5th Floor. Free.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">MIT Museum Revealed:
Undersea Robotics Tour<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Undersea"></a>,
2:00pm - 3:00pm, </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Friday April 22<sup>nd</sup>
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">MIT Museum, 265
Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Limited to 25
participants - teens and adults only. Free with Museum admission. Tickets
available one half-hour before; first-come, first-serve.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Creative Kinetic
Sculptures in the Idea Hub<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Creative"></a>, 12-4pm, Sunday April 24<sup>th<o:p></o:p></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">MIT Museum, 265
Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge</span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Free with Museum admission<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><i>Paola Salazar is a Boston-based science journalist with a background in social and life sciences.</i></span></b><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div>
Ophelia18http://www.blogger.com/profile/09886817272627721722noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-38007411753876399142016-04-07T13:20:00.001-04:002016-04-07T16:15:03.274-04:00Curiosity Challenge: “How Do Volcanoes Erupt?”<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nIttTLd8f-Y/VwBcAiaSZzI/AAAAAAAAKiw/zvGsmumPK08EhGllow685a_IelMtlb8ug/s1600/VolcanoHeader.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nIttTLd8f-Y/VwBcAiaSZzI/AAAAAAAAKiw/zvGsmumPK08EhGllow685a_IelMtlb8ug/s400/VolcanoHeader.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A spectacular eruption in Stromboli, Italy.
Image via </span><a href="http://www.zmescience.com/other/science-abc/types-of-volcano/" style="line-height: 22.08px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Places Under the Sun</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Why Do Volcanoes Have Lava?” -- Alondra Sanchez, 6</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Why Do Volcanoes Erupt?” -- Darcy Baker, 6</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“How Do Volcanoes Erupt?” -- Sara Solomon, 9</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“What's In a Volcano?” -- Schnaubelt Baronvil, 10</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A volcanic eruption is probably the most dramatic event that occurs in nature. Imagine living next to a mountain that’s normally peaceful and calm. Then, one d</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ay, the ground shakes, the mountain explodes, hot ash rains from the sky, and a wave of hot molten rock comes downhill--right towards you! The giant clouds of ash belched up by the volcano block out the sun, sometimes for so long that the entire region’s climate changes. It’s no wonder that most ancient cultures thought that volcanoes were</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> controlled by gods</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. We now know a great deal about </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">volcanology</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--the</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">science behind volcanoes--but we’re still in awe of these mighty features of the earth.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><b>How are Volcanoes formed?</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Volcanoes are essentially a gap in the Earth’s crust, where the Earth’s liquid mantle can flow up to the surface. Earth’s rocky surface is broken up into roughly 17 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">tectonic plates</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> that rest on top of the hot, churning, molten rock of the mantle. Since the crust is thinnest at these edges, most volcanoes form at the boundary of these plates, where the plates are either moving away from each other--called a </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">divergent</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> boundary-- or towards each other--a </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">convergent </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">boundary. (Some volcanoes, such as the islands of Hawaii or the Yellowstone Caldera, don’t form at boundaries, but at a “hotspot” in the middle of a plate, where the crust is particularly thin). </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://whyfiles.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/subduction_zone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://whyfiles.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/subduction_zone.jpg" height="250" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>A divergent boundary, a convergent boundary, and a hot spot, from left to right. <br />Via the <a href="http://www.usgs.gov/">US Geological Survey.</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Divergent boundary volcanoes are usually constantly flowing, such as </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fissure vents</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> at the bottom of the ocean where magma makes its way to the surface, cools, and forms new crust. (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Magma</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is the term for molten rock below the surface; when it makes its way up to the surface, it’s called </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">lava</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.) The volcanoes that erupt violently--the kind you’re probably most excited about--usually happen at convergent boundaries. Much like if you tried to push two cookies together on top of a table, one plate must be pushed underneath the other. This plate is submerged back into the hot liquid mantle, where it melts and builds up lots of pressure underneath the top plate. When that pressure becomes too great for the surface rock to hold back--KABLOOEY! That’s when a volcano erupts.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://natureinjapan.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/fig_2_volcanoes_pac_ringfire.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://natureinjapan.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/fig_2_volcanoes_pac_ringfire.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The Pacific Ring of Fire, with each red dot representing a volcano. <br />Via <a href="https://natureinjapan.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/fig_2_volcanoes_pac_ringfire.jpg">Nature in Japan</a>.</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Since the earth’s crust is very, very old, it’s rare that new volcanoes are formed when plates collide. Most volcanic eruptions are old volcanic vents being re-opened when enough pressure builds up. Each time these old volcanoes erupt, more rock, ash, and hardened lava is deposited around the vent, building up into the distinctive cone shape most volcanoes have. Other volcanoes might form wide shields, or a dome shaped like a bubble, or might start out on the ocean floor, then grow until they become an island, such as the islands around the Pacific Ring of Fire.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">What does an eruption look like?</span></b></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geosc30/sites/www.e-education.psu.edu.geosc30/files/images/lesson_4/Krakatau.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="199" src="https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geosc30/sites/www.e-education.psu.edu.geosc30/files/images/lesson_4/Krakatau.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Left: an artist's rendering of the 1883 Krakatoa eruption; <br />Right: a map that shows the original size of the island pre-eruption. <br />Via <a href="https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geosc30/node/704">Penn State University</a>.</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Being right at the scene of the volcano is terrifying: </span><a href="https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/Krakatoa-Loudest-Sound-in-Recorded-History1" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">eyewitness accounts of the eruption of Krakatoa</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--estimated to be the largest sound produced on Earth, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ever--</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> report hot ash and rock raining down from the sky, enough smoke to turn the morning as dark as night, and all trees and houses in the blast zone being set on fire. Those close enough to see actual lava didn’t live to tell their tale, since the whole island was blasted away.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">But the giant explosion and fountains of burning lava that we see in disaster movies aren’t always what eruptions look like, and aren’t always the most dangerous part. Some can simply be a release of steam and gas, and some can be a very slow-moving lava flow. The gases released through eruptions are often poisonous and hot enough to burn people and plants. Ash clouds spewed into the air can block out sunlight, kill crops, and cause acid rain. The shifts in Earth’s crust that cause eruptions can often also cause earthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis, and later form geysers and hot springs. Cities that are close to active volcanoes often</span><a href="http://www.doh.wa.gov/Emergencies/EmergencyPreparednessandResponse/Factsheets/Volcanoes" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> issue warnings</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> so their occupants are prepared in case of an eruption. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">Famous Volcanoes Around the World</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/01/volcano-culture/decade-volcano-map-interactive">The Decade Volcanoes</a></b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> are 16 volcanoes that are large enough and close enough to big cities to warrant close study, ranging from Japan to Central Africa. They were identified by volcanologists during the “International Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction” declared by the UN in the 1990s. These studies helped nearby cities develop plans for what to do in the case of eruption.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/central-north-island/places/tongariro-national-park/things-to-do/tracks/mount-ngauruhoe-summit-climb/">Ngauruhoe</a> </b>(pronounced "Nah-goo-rah-hoe-ee"), a cinder cone volcano in New Zealand, is probably Hollywood’s most famous volcano, better known by its stage name, “Mount Doom.” It’s part of the Tongariro volcanic complex, which is highly active today and attracts many hikers. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: 14.6667px; font-weight: 400; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4hjX7qePlXI/VwBg2t54lyI/AAAAAAAAKjA/n1Q93uCsaQ0_4CtPxOve2aptN2KdgigNQ/s1600/IMG_0949.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4hjX7qePlXI/VwBg2t54lyI/AAAAAAAAKjA/n1Q93uCsaQ0_4CtPxOve2aptN2KdgigNQ/s320/IMG_0949.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>A warning sign to Tongariro hikers.</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://geology.com/volcanoes/vesuvius/"><b>Mt. Vesuvius</b></a> is most famous for burying the nearby Roman city of Pompeii when it erupted in AD 79. Excavations of the city, in addition to teaching us lots about the damage volcanoes can cause, led to many interesting archaeological discoveries. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The<a href="http://www.marianatrench.com/mariana_trench-mariana_arc.htm"><b> Izu-Bonin-Mariana Boundary</b></a> is a highly-studied region because, in addition to being deepest part of the ocean in the world, it’s a convergent plate boundary that has led to the formation of 76 distinct volcanoes! Submarine volcanoes are fascinating to study because lava cools differently in water than in air, and many bizarre ocean creatures adapt to survive among volcanic gases.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/14fire/background/seamounts/media/seamounts-north-600.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/14fire/background/seamounts/media/seamounts-north-600.jpg" height="241" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>The Mariana Arc--one of the most volcano-dense regions of the world, and most of them underwater! <br />Via <a href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/14fire/background/seamounts/seamounts.html">NOAA Ocean Explorer.</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">Learn more about earth science at the Cambridge Science Festival!</span></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/ExhibitsAndMore.aspx#Walk"><b>A Walk Through Geologic Time</b> </a>along the Charles River, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription">April 15, 16: 5:30pm & April 17: 11am; 5:30pm (~45 minute tour)</span>. Step back in time and put the earth as we know it in perspective on this unique walking tour, where every inch represents 240,000 years! Free!</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=5#Workshop"><b>Workshop: Mission to Mars with MIT Society of Women Engineers</b></a> at the MIT Museum, April 19, 11:00am - 2:00pm. Studying volcanoes on earth might help us understand the extraterrestrial geology, too! In this workshop, create a Mars rover, plan your resources, and explore the unique surface of Mars. Ages 9-12, pre-register at </span><a href="http://web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html</span></a></div>
<b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=3#HMNH"><br /></a></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=3#HMNH">Free Admission to Harvard Museum of Natural History,</a></b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> April 20, 3-5pm, April 24, 9am-12pm, and April 17, 9am-12pm. Take a look at volcanic rock, minerals from around the world, and a slew of other natural treasures! Includes admission to the adjacent Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology. Free!</span></div>
<b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Diving"><br /></a></b>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Diving">Diving into the Pale Blue Dot at the MIT Museum, </a></b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">April 22, 10am-3pm. Meet the scientists who delve deeper than any others to learn about the earth’s surface in the most remote parts of the ocean with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and the Harvard/MIT Center for Chemical Innovation. Free with Museum admission.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--------------</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E. Rosser is a science writer and mechanical engineer currently wrapping up a degree at MIT. A year ago, she backpacked around the volcanoes of New Zealand, and while she was fascinated by the alien landscape the volcanic activity had formed, she’s glad to be away from the constant sulfur smell.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qZqpSn7fuM0/VwBggykwFqI/AAAAAAAAKi8/HtbPRcmBw90tboAtpVmu02BBJXO_KKBCA/s1600/IMG_0991.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qZqpSn7fuM0/VwBggykwFqI/AAAAAAAAKi8/HtbPRcmBw90tboAtpVmu02BBJXO_KKBCA/s320/IMG_0991.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Next to the crater of Nguaruhoe, Jan 2015.</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-66907187038834657602016-04-04T14:24:00.000-04:002018-03-10T14:33:18.856-05:00Curiosity Challenge: Who Created Numbers and Letters?<br />
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-b7tTB5BcsPI/VwJoDiAUI6I/AAAAAAAADQ0/f_DdL5NfoekeLLp_gwwY7J5qQyKUwFWdA/s1600/cc%2BNumbers%2526Letters2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-b7tTB5BcsPI/VwJoDiAUI6I/AAAAAAAADQ0/f_DdL5NfoekeLLp_gwwY7J5qQyKUwFWdA/s400/cc%2BNumbers%2526Letters2.png" width="400" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dhgTWVy9hoU/VwJoDqKBXdI/AAAAAAAADQw/L2WHvz16jxoV3Qx42zVQyVFkF-QHp6nqw/s1600/cc%2BNumbers%2526Letters1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="86" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dhgTWVy9hoU/VwJoDqKBXdI/AAAAAAAADQw/L2WHvz16jxoV3Qx42zVQyVFkF-QHp6nqw/s200/cc%2BNumbers%2526Letters1.png" width="200" /></a><br />
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<br />
<i>By Ben Tolkin</i><br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Great
question, but it will need quite a long answer! You're asking about
two of the most fundamental</span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">ly</span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
human activities: </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">l</span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">anguage
</span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">and
mathematics</span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">.
I'll start with letters.</span></span></span></span></div>
<h3>
Who invented letters?</h3>
<div style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">For
most languages, there wasn't just one person who “created”
letters. (Though there are a couple of interesting exceptions I'll
talk about at the end!) The letters we use for writing English and
most European languages are slightly modified versions of the letters
used by the Romans for writing Latin. Those were based on earlier
Greek letters, which in turn came from even earlier ones... Almost
every modern writing system is descended from just a handful of very
early sets of letters.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Writing
was developed independently in at least two places: the Fertile
Crescent (modern-day Iraq) in 3000 BCE, and ancient Mesoamerica
(Central America and Mexico) around 600 BCE. The development of
writing in China in 1200 BCE was also probably independent, and its
development in ancient India and Egypt may have been as well. Other
than that, all parts of the world only started writing by borrowing
it from their neighbors; Europe, Central Asia, and Africa had writing
brought to them by cultural exchange, migration, or conquest.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The
most basic method of writing things down is <i>pictographic</i>: to
write about something, you just draw a picture of it. What makes it
<i>writing, </i>as opposed to just making art, is when you start
drawing not just objects, but abstract concepts represented by
symbols. The earliest writing symbols used a mixture of pictures and
symbols representing ideas. Let's say if you wanted to record that
you'd traded a bull to someone for two chickens, you'd just draw a
picture of a bull, two pictures of chickens, and some symbol
representing a “trade”. As time passed, these pictures became
more and more stylized, looking less and less like real objects.
These scripts are known as <i>logographic </i>or <i>ideographic
</i>writing systems; each symbol represents a word or idea.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">This
saves time (it's easier to draw a symbol everyone knows stands for
“bull” than draw an accurate picture of a bull, every time) but
it made the </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">pictures</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">
hard to understand unless you'd been taught their meanings. If you
look at very, very old artifacts, you </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">might
be able to make out some of the pictures</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">,
but later systems like </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_script">cuneiform</a>
</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">in
the Middle East, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs">hieroglyphics</a>
</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">in
Egypt, and </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bone_script">bone
script</a> </i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">in
China don't really look like pictures at all.</span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Amarna_Akkadian_letter.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Amarna_Akkadian_letter.png" width="204" /></span></a></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Akkadian cuneiform</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Papyrus_Ani_curs_hiero.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Papyrus_Ani_curs_hiero.jpg" width="272" /></span></a></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Cursive Egyptian hieroglyphs</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg" width="207" /></span></a></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Chinese bone script</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">It's
important to remember that for most of history, very, very few people
could read or write. These writing systems </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">had
</span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">thousands
of complicated symbols, but the only people who </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">had
to </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">learn
them were professional scribes. Being able to read and write used to
be a full-time job!</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Most
writing systems today are not logographic (some Chinese characters
are still pictures of the thing they represent, but most are not.)
Almost every language instead uses a <i>phonographic </i>writing
system, like an alphabet: each symbol represents a sound. (Other
phonographic systems include syllabaries, where each letter
represents a syllable, and abjad, where each letter represents a
consonant.) While a language might have tens of thousands of words,
they only have a few sounds, so alphabets are much easier to learn
than logographic writing systems. So who invented phonographic
writing?<br />
<br />
Like many important inventions, it seems to have
developed from interactions between different cultures. Ancient Egypt
was a crossroads for many cultures speaking many languages, and
Egyptian scribes needed a way to record all of them. One of these
cultures was the Canaanites, a Middle Eastern group that spoke a
language in the Semitic family (an ancestor of modern Hebrew and
Arabic.) Egyptian scribes used a pictographic and logographic writing
system called hieroglyphics to write their own language, but when
recording the Canaanite language, they just used hieroglyphs to
represent sounds: each consonant sound was represented by the
hieroglyph of a word that began with that sound. For example, “house”
was pronounced <i>bayt </i>in early Semtic languages (it still is in
Hebrew today!), so whenever there was a "B" sound, scribes
would just write the hieroglyph for “house,” a rectangle. The
first letter of this alphabet was <i>'alp</i>, a picture of a bull's
head.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Believe
it or not, those Egyptian hieroglyphics are the ancestors of the
letters you're reading right now! <i>'Alp </i>and <i>bayt </i>eventually
turned into the Alphabet, and if you know what to look for, you can
see traces of the original hierogylphs in letters today (don't think
the letter “A” looks much like a bull's head? Turn it upside
down!) The Canaanite writing system was the basis for Phoenician, a
language spoken by sailors and explorers of the Mediterranean, who
spread it to Greece; Greek writing inspired numerous systems on the
Italian peninsula, that would eventually give rise to Latin, and the
Roman Empire's conquests throughout Europe made it the dominant
writing system on the continent. In the east, Phoenician was also an
ancestor of Aramaic, which was the basis of Arabic; Arabic in turn
became the basis for Persian and Urdu scripts used in Iran and
Pakistan. Some suspect that Phoenician is also the basis of writing
in India. Since Indian writing systems are used from Central to
Southeast Asia, if this is true, it means almost everyone on Earth
writes in a script descended from Phoenician.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ph%C3%B6nizisch-5Sprachen.svg/320px-Ph%C3%B6nizisch-5Sprachen.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ph%C3%B6nizisch-5Sprachen.svg/320px-Ph%C3%B6nizisch-5Sprachen.svg.png" width="106" /></span></a></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">This diagram shows how some major alphabets descended from Phoenician. The column in the middle is the Phoenician alphabet. To its left, you can see the letters of the Greek alphabet, and how they were based on Phoenician writing, and to the left of that, the Roman alphabet, based on Greek. On the right, you can see first the Hebrew alphabet, then Arabic.</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">That
is a <i>very </i>brief history of how letters came to be. I haven't
even talked about lowercase letters, invented in the Middle Ages to
be easier to write with a pen. I encourage you to do more research on
this fascinating topic, but do want to quickly discuss what I
mentioned in the beginning: there are some cases where a single
person did "invent" letters.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Many
of these were still based on previous writing systems: Cyrillic, the
alphabet used in Russia and much of Eastern Europe, was created a by
a team of scholars and based mainly on Greek. The Armenian alphabet
was developed by a single linguist around 400 AD, and seems to be
based on Greek and Persian alphabet. In 1821, a Cherokee linguist
named Sequoyah developed the first writing system for Cherokee, based
on Latin letter forms.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Alphabets
that are purely invented without previous reference are called
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>constructed
alphabets</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">,
and are usually made for fun, or as a work of art, like J. R. R.
Tolkien's <a href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tengwar.htm">alphabets
for his fictional Elvish languages</a>. Sometimes, people construct
alphabets because they think the current one is too confusing: the
playwright George Bernard Shaw </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">wanted
people to use his</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">
<a href="http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/shavian.htm">Shavian
alphabet</a>, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">which
he thought made more sense than the Latin one</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">.
There is only one example of a constructed alphabet </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">being
widely used for a real language</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">,
and that's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul">Hangeul</a>,
the writing system for Korean.</span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Hunminjeongeumhaerye_(cropped).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Hunminjeongeumhaerye_(cropped).jpg" width="320" /></span></a></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">This is a page from an early guide on how to read Hangeul. The simple, geometric shapes are the Hangeul letters, and the Chinese characters explain how to use them.</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Chinese,
in much the same way that hieroglyphics were used for writing Semitic
languages; characters were used to represent sounds without much
regard for meaning. Languages like Japanese adapted and modified
Chinese characters to fit their language, but a Korean king named
Sejong the Great decided that to promote literacy in his realm, he
needed a perfectly logical alphabet completely suited to the Korean
language. In 1443, a team of scholars assembled by Sejong completed
Hangeul, a writing system that has been recognized the world over for
its clarity and logic; each consonant represents the shape of the
tongue in the mouth, while each vowel reflects the philosophical
ideals of the kingdom. This makes Korean the only language with an
alphabet completely unrelated to any other!</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">For
more information on alphabets, you can check out <a href="http://www.omniglot.com/">Omniglot</a>,
an online encyclopedia of languages and writing systems. And to learn
more about Egyptian hieroglyphics, look at <a href="http://cambridgesciencefestivalblog.blogspot.com/2016/03/curiosity-challenge-hieroglyphs.html">this
post</a> on the Cambridge Science Festival blog!</span></span></span></span></div>
------------<br />
<h3>
But what about numbers? We're not finished yet!</h3>
<div style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The
simplest way of recording numbers is a <i>unary </i>system, in which
each mark (a <i>numeral</i>) represents an object being counted. The
number two? Two marks. The numbers seven? Seven marks. This system is
easy to learn and understand, and very sufficient for writing small
numbers. The trouble comes when you want to record a number higher
than humans can easily count. Writing down two hundred marks isn't
just tiring, it takes just as long to read as to write; you can't
tell at a glance the difference between two hundred markings and two
hundred and ten.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Still,
this system is still widely used for counting small numbers; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">around
the world, people use </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">different
kinds of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tally_marks">tally
marks</a> to keep score in games. And believe it or not, unary
numbers were the basis of the most popular number systems in the West
for over a thousand years: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals">Roman
numerals</a>. Though there are a couple of fancy rules involved in
Roman numerals to make them shorter to write down, the principle is
the same as any unary system: to read the number, add up the
numerals. X is ten, V is five, and I is one: XXVI is ten + ten + five
+ one = twenty-six.<br />
<br />
Learning to read Roman numerals can be
cool if you want to translate inscriptions on old buildings, but it's
not very useful in the modern world. Like all counting systems based
on a unary model, it's hard to use with high numbers; the highest
symbol in Roman numerals is M, for a thousand, so any number of
multiple thousands will take a long time to write. Addition and
subtraction are pretty easy, but multiplication is a chore, and
division is... well, I'll include a link explaining division at the
end, but let's just say it's no fun. These days, we use a </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>positional
</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">number
system instead.<br />
<br />
In a positional system, you don't just add
up each numeral; the position of a numeral affects its value. We
write twenty-six as 26, the numeral 2 followed by the numeral 6. But
because of the 2's position, we know it doesn't really mean "two,"
it means "twenty": two times ten. Who invented this
system?<br />
<br />
Like writing, positional numbers were likely
invented in two separate locations: both ancient Chinese and Indian
civilizations used similar positional number systems. However, the
Indian system was more comprehensive: the Indian mathematician
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmagupta">Brahmagupta</a>
was the first to treat the numeral zero as a number like all the
rest, and it is this system that forms the basis of our modern
writing system. Ancient Indian mathematicians had a tremendous impact
on math: algebra, trigonometry, and negative numbers were all
perfected during the Golden Age of Indian mathematics, from roughly
400 to 1600 CE.</span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Arabic_numerals-en.svg/397px-Arabic_numerals-en.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="114" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Arabic_numerals-en.svg/397px-Arabic_numerals-en.svg.png" width="320" /></span></a></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Numeral systems from around the world, all based on the original Indian numbers</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">But
while Indian cultures used a positional number since at least 700 CE,
it wouldn't spread to Europe until the Middle Ages. The person most
associated with Indian numerals in the West is mathematician Leonardo
Bonacci, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci">Fibonacci</a>,
who introduced the new system of writing numbers to Europe in 2012.
He had learned the numerals from traveling about the Mediterranean
and meeting Arabic traders, who had learned it from the studies of
Persian mathematical genius <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Musa_al-Khwarizmi">al-Khwarizmi</a>.
For this reason, the numbers used in the West are sometimes called
"Arabic numbers," even though Arabic-speaking countries
call their numbers "Hindi numbers."</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Again,
this is</span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
an extremely brief summary! I didn't even mention some of the most
interesting writing systems in history, the Babylonian and Mayan
systems! You may not have thought that such a simple question would
take so long to answer, but that's the strange thing about the
history of science: sometimes the most simple ideas take the longest
time to establish. The alphabet and numerals we use today seem
perfectly natural to us, but they were created by complicated and
messy cultural changes. It's one of the reasons history is so
interesting: you get to see the weirdness hiding behind everything we
see as ordinary.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 0.16in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">For
more information on numbers, there's no better resource than Isaac
Asimov's </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>Asimov
on Numbers </i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(ISBN:
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background: #ffffff;">067149404X).
To learn how to divide using Roman numerals, start with mathematician
Lawrence Turner's page <a href="http://turner.faculty.swau.edu/mathematics/materialslibrary/roman/">here.</a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.2px;">
--------</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 0.16in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background: #ffffff;"><br />
Ben
Tolkin once spent a summer teaching himself Elvish. His recommended
strategy for learning important things is to ask the questions so
obvious no one can think of an answer to them. </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.2px;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.2px;"><br />
</span>bbctolhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06153413779918613025noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-19883002613028424342016-03-31T13:28:00.002-04:002016-03-31T13:28:24.263-04:00Curiosity Challenge: The Amazing Adaptations of Plants Through the Years<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/--_S7CFMPcmY/VvmgbwQFVCI/AAAAAAAAKh8/lwWTEgPQ4UY7QdMf99WUclcWifiV9H1Kg/s1600/Ferns.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/--_S7CFMPcmY/VvmgbwQFVCI/AAAAAAAAKh8/lwWTEgPQ4UY7QdMf99WUclcWifiV9H1Kg/s400/Ferns.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 22.08px;">Via </span><a href="http://terrygardens.com/2014/03/" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 22.08px; text-align: start;">TerryGardens.com</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 22.08px;">.</span></i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Plants are an essential part of life on Earth: even if an animal doesn’t eat plants directly, it certainly relies on them in some other way. For example, a wolf might not eat grass, but it hunts animals that do, takes shelter in the trees of the forest, and breathes the oxygen that plants have released. How did plants become such a staple of our existence? The same reason why every living thing is the way it is: they have </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">evolved </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">that way.</span></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.simplecapacity.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Collection-Of-25-Inspiring-Quotes-From-Charles-Darwin1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.simplecapacity.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Collection-Of-25-Inspiring-Quotes-From-Charles-Darwin1.jpg" height="187" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Charles Darwin, famous for the theory of evolution. <br />Via <a href="http://simplecapacity.com/2014/08/collection-25-inspiring-quotes-charles-darwin/">Simple Capacity</a>.</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">You’ve probably heard of Charles Darwin, a famous scientist. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is what most scientists study to answer questions about how plants and animals have changed over time--and how we can answer your question about the very first plants. In nature, certain traits make some organisms more successful than others, allowing them be “selected” to pass on those successful traits to their offspring. For instance, a tree might mutate to grow fruits that look different from those of all of its fellow trees. Birds might find this new fruit particularly tasty-looking, so they will eat lots of them and spread that mutant tree’s seeds. Since that mutant tree had lots of offspring, it’s now more likely that its mutation will be passed on and become a common trait of the species. These changes happen gradually over many generations, but they contribute to the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">evolution </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">of that species.</span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Plants descended from germs?!?</b></span></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></b><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://images.wisegeek.com/photosynthesis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://images.wisegeek.com/photosynthesis.jpg" height="306" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>The process of photosynthesis. Via <a href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-photosynthesis.htm">WiseGeek.com</a>.</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The very first ancestor of plants on land was, believe it or not, actually single-celled bacteria! Early in Earth’s history (more than two thousand million years ago!), this water-dwelling bacteria learned how to harness energy from the sun to move and grow--a process called </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">photosynthesis</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, the trademark party trick of today’s plants. A chemical side effect of transforming this energy is releasing oxygen, so we owe the oxygen-rich atmosphere we enjoy today to these early photosynthesizers! This bacteria could photosynthesize much more efficiently if it grouped together into multiple-celled organisms, so it further evolved to form green algae. This algae eventually washed up on shore and had to evolve again to exist on land, developing cell walls, like stems, to avoid drying out and solid structures, like leaves, to collect sunlight for photosynthesis. The rest, as they say, is part of of plants’ family tree. </span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Why is water important?</b></span></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What's one thing that today’s highly-evolved land plants have in common with their damp ancestors? They still need water. Water plays an important part of the photosynthesis process, and therefore is an important part in how a plant gets the energy it needs. Water’s molecular structure is H</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">O, or two hydrogen atom bonded with an oxygen atom, and is very easy to split. During photosynthesis, a plant takes in carbon dioxide and water molecules. With some energy supplied by the sun, it rearranges the atoms in those molecules to create the complex sugars it needs for food and pure oxygen, just like its bacterial ancestors. This is represented by the chemical formula below.</span></span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Photosynthesis_equation.svg/799px-Photosynthesis_equation.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="57" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Photosynthesis_equation.svg/799px-Photosynthesis_equation.svg.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>The chemical process at play during photosynthesis. Via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photosynthesis_equation.svg" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This reaction is why photosynthesis and plants are so important: not only did their great-great-gandbacteria transform early Earth’s poisonous carbon dioxide atmosphere into one that animals could breathe, but they continue to convert the carbon dioxide we emit back into breathable oxygen. This is one reason why it’s so important to protect today’s oceans and forests: oceanic algae and phytoplankton account for </span><a href="http://earthsky.org/earth/how-much-do-oceans-add-to-worlds-oxygen" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">50-85% </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">of all photosynthesized oxygen, and land plants account for the rest. Altogether, they remove lots of carbon dioxide from our atmosphere. Humans need to be careful not to emit more carbon dioxide than nature can convert, however. By burning fossil fuels, humans have been gradually increasing the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, which scientists believe has led to alarming global warming trends that could lead to disastrous consequences.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>More Awesome Plant Adaptations!</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Titan_arum#p004gx80" target="_blank">Carrion for carryin’ pollen</a></b>- The<i> titan arum</i>, also called the “corpse plant,” grows to an amazing size and shape, but its most astounding feature is its smell. It gives off the odor of rotting meat to attract insects, which help pollinate the flower. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/05/12/article-2626225-1DC5E44900000578-593_634x399.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/05/12/article-2626225-1DC5E44900000578-593_634x399.jpg" height="251" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>A corpse flower in bloom at the Eden Project in Cornwall, UK. Via <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2626225/What-stinker-Worlds-smelliest-corpse-flower-blooms-visitors-better-quick-lives-two-days.html" target="_blank">The Daily Mail.</a></i></td></tr>
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<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://forestry.about.com/od/forestfire/a/Serotiny.htm" target="_blank"><b>Pyroscience </b></a>- Rather than being wiped out by wildfire, some trees in dry areas have adapted to have their own fire-activated time capsules. Trees such as eucalyptus and sequoia store their seeds in cones that only open when they encounter smoke. Not only does this protect the seeds, but the burnt land is clear and nutrient-rich when they’re ready to grow!</span></span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codariocalyx_motorius" target="_blank">Dancing Leaves -</a></b> The telegraph plant likes to get plenty of sun, so it constantly moves its leaves to get the perfect angle. Most plants do this gradually, but the telegraph plant is so speedy that its movement can be seen! (Video via <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=viTUDRFA5Ck">Youtube.com.</a>)</span></span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/viTUDRFA5Ck/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/viTUDRFA5Ck?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://www.livescience.com/9666-pitcher-plant-doubles-toilet.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shrew Poo </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- </span></b><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pitcher plants are already well-known for being carnivorous, gathering energy from the sun as well as from digesting insects, but one particular species in Borneo has evolved to eat something even stranger. The unique shape of </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nepenthes lowii</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> invites a certain tree shrew to have a seat and enjoy some nectar. If the shrew poops during its meal, the pitcher plant gets some much-needed nitrogen from its droppings!<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://i.livescience.com/images/i/000/007/741/original/090622-tree-shrew-plant-02.jpg?1296089546" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://i.livescience.com/images/i/000/007/741/original/090622-tree-shrew-plant-02.jpg?1296089546" height="400" width="265" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>A mountain tree shrew makes a pit stop <br />atop a pitcher plant. Via<a href="http://www.livescience.com/9666-pitcher-plant-doubles-toilet.html"> Live Science.</a> </i></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>More amazing plant science at the Cambridge Science Festival!</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=2#Build" target="_blank">Build Your Own Living Organism: Bioengineering for Everyone</a></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> at the EMW Community space, Saturday, April 16, from 1-5pm, and Sunday, April 17, from 1-3pm. Bioengineering allows us to speed up the evolution process! Build your own living organism during this introductory two-day workshop for ages 10+. Pre-register at </span><a href="http://bit.ly/1OPVVdR" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0099cc; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://bit.ly/1OPVVdR.</span></a></span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=3#Spring" target="_blank">Spring Wildlife Walk at Alewife Reservation</a>, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sunday, April 17, 1-3pm. See the plants of spring in bloom within walking distance of the T! Led by author and naturalist David Brown, lead surveyor for the</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i> Biodiversity Study of the Alewife Reservation Area</i></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Ages 13+, free!</span></span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Animals" target="_blank">Animals and Plants: Use Your Eyes</a></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> at the Mass Audubon Habitat Education Center and Wildlife Sanctuary, Wednesday, April 20, 4pm-6pm. Explore the relationshi</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">p between plants and animals through a variety of projects: Vernal Pool Invertebrate Count; Squirrels, Chipmunks and Voles; Cover Board and Red-Backed Salamander Monitoring; Photo Mini Bio-Blitz. Register in advance at </span><a href="http://massaudubon.org/cambridge-science-festival-habitat" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0099cc; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">massaudubon.org/cambridge-science-festival-habitat</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Free!</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; line-height: 20.24px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E. Rosser is a science writer and mechanical engineer currently wrapping up a degree at MIT. She grew up in the mountains of Maryland, where she spent a lot of time in the woods identifying edible and useful plants. She's thankful for plants' adaptation of solid cell walls every time she climbs a tree.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-61989171744501669852016-03-27T21:25:00.003-04:002016-03-28T11:45:05.957-04:00Spider Superheroes<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="225" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/9ub06hNH2olP6qqWd_-fPL0tKyZUl3F4lDXXRjoC5Gba6MFb9cn6LxO0s6i6SPrGhcKBhMs2zwiaDhHB9d41-z3eXXhOrP8xhWLuaIrK2OhXzqN17pCC-pgio6OmJvbt4ZtoPGBh" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="448" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hello CSF fans, followers, and supporters!</span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-0185f632-a5ae-2521-ec54-39136411bcc7" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As the festival approaches, I was thinking about some of the awesome events we have going on just around the corner! Since this week’s theme is Earth and Nature, I was thinking about the Spider Superheroes event - an awesome, totally free event for Grades 1 to 4 at Harvard’s Museum of Natural History - all about spiders and the amazing things they can do.</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spiders are a special type of animal called an Arachnid that has eight jointed legs and lives mostly on land. They have inhabited Earth, as far as we know, for about 130 million years -- hundreds of millions of years before dinosaurs. They are carnivores, and detect their prey with the small hairs on their legs and body. Their sense of touch is exquisite, and probably the inspiration for Spiderman’s “Spidey Sense”. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="316" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/yE_xn0FuvRIqZvjwbMqp2ZrUsejU1F8b4lX6hD5vN1Se61r40ougo9ODexzhdXurtvjA0HSdHu15vKtuts1A1D2YhhM2TGFb1NU71Z0FzICThQNY3gOnSEdxxDiRMxADp9uCGaX9" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="327" /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Most spiders catch their prey by spinning webs from sticky silk they secrete in glands called spinnerets, on the back of their abdomen. Those that don’t spin webs either hunt for their prey, or wait for prey to pass by them while they are hiding.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"></b><br />
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Every spider has fangs, and almost every spider has venom for killing prey. Though many people fear spider bites, most spiders’ venom is relatively weak, and their fangs cannot puncture human skin. Spiders are only responsible for about 15% of bites that they are blamed for - the other incidents being caused by stinging or biting insects, like wasps, ticks, yellow jackets, and chiggers.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="252" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/PrE7-5q6mxHrbi6_WD5E5DPHxKY5Zt94Jp5r-VSXPytg6CDdQkCDOfXmGihNoguds6Un_ZNr0KgMHgniAqWCbaTfR89sYcd4mgH9GGdKSpAIbCTc9PyMdethlKBMmlVTuytfBe-v" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="576" /></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arachnophobia, the fear of spiders, is the most common phobia in the world, far outranking rational fears like being kidnapped, hit by a car, or large predators like bears, tigers, and wolves. Some scientists think humans are programmed to be afraid of spiders so we will avoid the venomous species, similar to how many people are afraid of snakes.</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Of course, it is sensible to be cautious when regarding any potentially venomous animal, but spiders do far more good for people than harm. Spiders are crucial for keeping insect (especially pest insects like flies, moths, and millipedes) populations in check, as well as being a staple food source for birds, reptiles, and amphibians. And, chances are, spiders are a lot more afraid of you than you are of them.</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">At Spider Superheroes, you can learn about some of the amazing things spiders can do: changing colors, jumping incredible heights, and knowing exactly how to spin a web without getting stuck in it. You will even design your own spider superhero with unique superpowers! For more information, visit here: </span><a href="http://hmnh.harvard.edu/event/spider-superheroes-0" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://hmnh.harvard.edu/event/spider-superheroes-0</span></a></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spiders keep our world safe from pests as we sleep - the silent and unrecognized heroes of our homes. There is so much to learn about these ancient creatures, and so many reasons to admire their amazing talents. </span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bonus! Here’s some extraordinary spiders on my superlatives list, followed by a list of some common spiders you might see in your home:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spider Superlatives</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Largest Spider by mass: T. blondi (Goliath Bird Eating Spider)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="308" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/8xSO5fQYpmrZEICpSarj3gHUiWbpblp9Dq_VWtbEK7nkx3VVG0hhQqG3iJgKFUpQmGIG1vOX6KfsSSoYyd_0lFVmbj8Bqm9ON54SCFrbs0T9rUpr9UKVWhW_k53sbdO-tRYf5gvk" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="464" /></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Smallest Spider</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P. digua (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">No official English name, sometimes referred to as a Patu Spider)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="360" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/iSa_cRoImJNvqqe19ApoGLDFCSze5tWLYT2tGCKBCvT2uz6I3R5GtqGGv9l9rpOgyI5RsWuaGjcDETcNJFN2uELNeGJ2d259Fqumd1pn4auIC6YlR0vyahoFdb1LxZpI728Mt15R" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="480" /></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Most Venomous Spider</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P. cf nigriventer (Brazilian Wandering Spider)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="325" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/ALfmDoCwSLJOshF6VRJW5BPCef5K8KtvbWnh2iNxyZTBzlrpC_qe_Er9gAQwQJHC0YYBEl084HDKJFx9_th1LyII8KGmQNJYz8WRncvPjLGqxmu9Eg374E5W4oJf-WVxt4f6SQSe" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="461" /></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Largest Family of Spiders</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Salticidae (Jumping Spiders)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="357" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/DbfRvTNbL2-2zmjmcncKgB84QkHrhrJmCaDcL2CS2Kp1Gh1dX8ujfXWccEf1-rFa6LWORCFsC3KB0a3a0uXWdxsApnvgH-rC2l_cHUwAainav1KHVqQUWHfz202CdX-l4BkytJK1" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="447" /></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rarest Spider</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A. Anops (Kaua’i Cave Wolf Spider)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="248" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/rXPG1fzBW76oOTLBfGqQhF-M8WgrSJzqxFaXy5aMo1qMZiPwZSg2xTBt6P_FibaZdfa8ZGYiF6aqv-s_VWp4AH0GYVgwaOy3YiLnuvuWey4owGtRk5d7OVL5hmq--Gr_p02sR0KQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="333" /></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spiders common in Eastern Massachusetts:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P. Tepidariorum (Common House Spider)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="272" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/qS825dyHoP9YiNmxqlv8GE2na2lG4H6ub8_Kpgj9jULuYnBy3gBLW3RJO2muOkdhMR-DBIOH5TaJU2YlZlv3m4L1gc2YOQwEqSbF-veq3ehEn3IZny0O4gy_icUCgf_WZohA-lbO" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="364" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P. Phalangioides (Daddy Long-legs)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="200" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/klqpEYgHrEVeZJl0y2kKkdCr7rB-1hJT2ElQLVURFJ7ROOO1lyPcKV4EgPXSunKP8v6EeBiL6SlTKlXeZyl6uXO6ydyMCzD2f7CSITBtA7eYB-E561zUURAg8bA42ZGsHQT_p0Ep" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="267" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P. Undatus (Tan Jumping Spider)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="236" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/Aky5x_iO2DDwji-x1o24EcNJwDw2dJCy-SELQdgifmKzgspMiV3R5sj5vrig15eSnDo_bI7GPbFRUb7gt_EvH8EF-sAmKklP9nOsaf3mtIFrrjS0JFEXuMaZkEvE2ouyoIHoGDgC" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="323" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A. Diadematus (Garden Spider)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="317" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/MUmWQUTO6-evaPk0bxTQ1EOqhNKwoeY2yPWMKck3RJczx3BBBJPi7XT-4Qd7ge07iyikEnviBoXPTots922clm-EkHyrHNEF9ysM8Gs4OVj1ue-1ZS2LfXARSISc3uS3hUtzRojj" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="211" /></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">About the Author: Anna Bishop is a sophomore at Sturgis Charter Public School and critter enthusiast. She is part of the Teen Advisory Board for the CSF, and her interests include zoology, zoo-psychology, ethology, raising insects, linguistics, and trying new recipes. </span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02241948739540071070noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-47836626033762588152016-03-26T10:32:00.000-04:002016-03-26T10:32:01.348-04:00Curiosity Challenge: How Do Bones Heal When They Break?<div class="MsoNormal">
By Paola Salazar<br />
<br />
So, how do bones heal when they break? I’m actually super
excited you asked! Bone healing is very fascinating stuff.</div>
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9qK81fKSoHM/Vu1ZPOQW95I/AAAAAAAAAOg/3Nc0182r0o8TfDiMKHyoRcr9CLitV9Cfw/s1600/cc%2Bbones.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="202" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9qK81fKSoHM/Vu1ZPOQW95I/AAAAAAAAAOg/3Nc0182r0o8TfDiMKHyoRcr9CLitV9Cfw/s320/cc%2Bbones.png" width="320" /></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
When you break a bone, as soon as it happens, your body
starts working up a storm to fix it. The first in the line of duty is your
blood: it begins to cluster around the location of the break and forms a blood
clot, where cells called phagocytes then begin cleaning the area of any
unwanted bacteria and germs that may have gotten in through the break and
injury. This all happens in the first few hours after the injury.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After a few days or 2-3 weeks, a soft callus made by cells
known as chondroblasts forms around the site of injury. Towards the end of the
2<sup>nd</sup> week, a harder callus gets formed by osteoblasts, cells that
actually create new bone material.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The last team of bone experts to hit the scene comes in at
around the 5<sup>th</sup> or 6<sup>th</sup> week. These are the osteoclasts,
which are cells that focus on remodeling the bone around the fracture by
breaking down excess bone until the site has been weaned back to its original
shape. These guys are perfectionists though, and this stage can sometimes take
even more than a decade!</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-d9ELxwBKI40/Vu1XS67QcHI/AAAAAAAAAOQ/x4KWYeKqsOAHp3Tj-EM2SZ2_uS9_ZwtmA/s1600/osteoclast.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="275" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-d9ELxwBKI40/Vu1XS67QcHI/AAAAAAAAAOQ/x4KWYeKqsOAHp3Tj-EM2SZ2_uS9_ZwtmA/s320/osteoclast.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An osteoclast working its way across bone! PC: PathologyOutlines.com</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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The timeliness of when your bone heals varies so much
because when you get an injury like a bone fracture, how quickly you heal
depends on several factors—namely, how old you are and where exactly you broke
your bone. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The younger you are, the more quickly your body is able to
fix you up. As you get older, it takes longer, because your body is getting
slower and slower at producing the materials needed for wound healing, while
the osteoclasts (the perfectionists), are sometimes still removing bone.</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Where you break your bone also matters because it can
influence the type of bone fracture that you have—and obviously, the simpler
the break, the faster it heals!</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 20.5333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Paola is a Boston-based science journalist with a background in social and life sciences.</span></i></div>
Ophelia18http://www.blogger.com/profile/09886817272627721722noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-12641584444666972552016-03-25T13:24:00.000-04:002016-03-25T13:24:43.807-04:00Curiosity Challenge: How does a digital camera take and save photos?<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ifGbPFj3eag/VvLvBJ0lJFI/AAAAAAAAKg8/Pn1jJse1Kb4NYwC4OYdcH3L2QgeVyCW5w/s1600/DigitalCameraTitle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ifGbPFj3eag/VvLvBJ0lJFI/AAAAAAAAKg8/Pn1jJse1Kb4NYwC4OYdcH3L2QgeVyCW5w/s400/DigitalCameraTitle.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Via </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://www.udemy.com/">www.udemy.com</a></i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“I am curious how pictures are taken and saved.” --Jameson Gannon, 14</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It’s hard to imagine a world without digital cameras. While some die-hard photographers still insist that old-fashioned chemically-reactive film produces better photographs, it’s hard to argue against digital cameras’ ease of use and convenience. Turning that gorgeous sunset or that sumptuous-looking meal that your eyes see into a picture file to share with your friends? It’s a pretty remarkable feat! It also takes more steps than you’d expect.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><b>Your Selfie is Made of Electrons</b></span></span></div>
<br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To break this process down, let’s think about what makes an “image” to begin with. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
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<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.okidata.com/images/site/resource/rgb-sun-light-eye.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.okidata.com/images/site/resource/rgb-sun-light-eye.png" height="196" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Grass is green because it reflects the <br />green wavelength of light. Via <a href="http://www.okidata.com/printer-color-matching-made-easy?print=1" target="_blank">Okidata.com</a>.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Visible light waves are hitting objects, the object’s electrons are absorbing some light frequencies and reflecting others, and these reflected light waves are interpreted by our eyes (or our cameras) as different colors based on their frequencies and energy levels. (Light energy is an entire area of physics on its own, called </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">optics</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.) By receiving and interpreting many, many of these color signals, we get the whole picture. These light waves can have many, many energy levels--they’re </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">analog signals</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. To speak the language of computers--binary code made up of 1’s and 0’s--these analog energy values must be converted into </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">digital signals.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> That’s basically a digital camera’s job.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To put together a picture, you need not just all these color signals, but the location of each of these colors. Digital cameras keep the locations of each color straight by splitting the picture into </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pixels</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--colored dots that can be easily represented in binary code. You might have heard someone discussing the quality of a camera in terms of </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">resolution</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, or how many pixels it splits the image into. A high-resolution camera will record data for many pixels, making the image sharper, the colors richer, and the size easier to change without pixilation or distortion. A low-res camera will be grainier, but with less information to convey, its photos will be a smaller file size. One isn’t necessarily better than the other for every application, but when buying a camera it’s better to err on the side of higher resolution, since you can always </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">compress</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> a picture file to make it smaller (more on that later). The average cell phone camera these days has around 8 megapixels of resolution, meaning it can record a grid of around 8 million pixels!</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Resolution_test.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="101" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Resolution_test.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>An image taken with high resolution, medium resolution, and low resolution. <br />Which one would you want to use? Via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Resolution_test.jpg">Wikipedia</a>.</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><b>How does a camera “see” color?</b></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.letsgodigital.org/images/artikelen/55/sony_icx624_ccd_sensor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.letsgodigital.org/images/artikelen/55/sony_icx624_ccd_sensor.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A silicon chip, called a "charge-coupled device" <br />CCD) in the business. Via <a href="http://www.letsgodigital.org/en/news/articles/story_5656.html">LetsGoDigital.org</a></span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Each one of these pixels of the photo has a corresponding </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">photosite</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> on a silicon chip within the camera. Think of each of these photosites as a mini solar panel: when light from the image hits the photosite, electrons are excited and a tiny charge is conveyed. However, the photosite is technically colorblind, only able to detect roughly how bright is the incoming light, not really the frequency (color) of that light. To pick up how much of each color is coming in, a special filter is set in front of each photosite (most cameras use the<a href="http://www.red.com/learn/red-101/bayer-sensor-strategy"> Bayer filter pattern</a>. If you like reading about decoding and algorithms, look into it! It’s really neat!). Much like how you can make any color of paint from a few primary colors, any color of the rainbow can be made out of the three primary colors our eyes detect: red, green, and blue. By filtering out the red, green, and blue light frequencies and determining how bright each one is, you can later reconstruct the pixel. Reconstruct each pixel in the right spot, and you can reconstruct the photo! </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-d_6rSl12LmQ/ULZgoaMiC6I/AAAAAAAAAGA/__mb8P8aDIU/s1600/IplImageRGB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-d_6rSl12LmQ/ULZgoaMiC6I/AAAAAAAAAGA/__mb8P8aDIU/s1600/IplImageRGB.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Any photo can be split into red, green, and <br />blue components. Via </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://podeplace.blogspot.com/2012/12/pseudocolorisation-with-javascript.html">podeplace.blogspot.com.</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">But wait! These charges are still analog signals, whereas a computer can only understand digital signals. So an </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">analog-to-digital converter</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, made of tiny transistors, steps in to do the job. Taking the amount of charge conveyed after each filter, it supplies four numbers describing each pixel, all in binary code: the pixel’s location in the grid, the brightness of the red component, the brightness of the green, and the brightness of the blue. The color that’s the brightest across all three colors is white (you’ve encountered this if you’ve ever worked with #ffffff, or white’s hex-color on the web).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">Saving and Compression</span></b></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Felis_silvestris_silvestris_small_gradual_decrease_of_quality.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Felis_silvestris_silvestris_small_gradual_decrease_of_quality.png" width="345" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>This picture is compressed heavily on the left side, <br />but not as much on the right. Notice the difference? <br />Via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG#/media/File:Felis_silvestris_silvestris_small_gradual_decrease_of_quality.png">Wikipedia</a>.</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Okay, now our picture is represented by four numbers for every pixel, all neatly translated into binary code. Now what? Now you can save that information as a file, usually on a rewritable storage device in your camera. Since four numbers per 8 million pixels is a LOT of information, most digital camera programs </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">compress</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> that data into a smaller, more manageable file, often with the file extension </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.jpg</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (pronounced “J-Peg.” Named for the Joint Photographic Experts Group, which developed this compression format). Compression takes advantage of two properties that most photos have: repetition and irrelevance. If half of your picture is made up of a solid blue sky, for instance, the file doesn’t have to repeat that </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">repeated</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> number for every location: it can say “this block of the photo is all this specific color of blue.” Also, details are sometimes so small that the human eye can’t detect them, so compression also just drops these </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">irrelevant </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">details. You can also opt not to compress your photos, which usually means your file is saved with the file extension </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.tif </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(pronounced “tiff,” which stands for “tagged image file format”), or another file format that follows different compression rules. Keep in mind that, just like with your original camera resolution, the less data in your final file, the less sharp your image might be.</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Finally, you can take that saved file on your camera’s card or storage device, upload it to your computer, and share it with the world! Some digital cameras and most smartphones can upload these files through wifi, without even needing a physical storage device for the transfer. </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">It’s all thanks to the hard work done by your camera to translate a bunch of stray electrons into 1’s and 0’s, and then into the pixels that make up your photos!</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Learn More!</span></b><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To learn more about the technology behind photo taking and editing, check out the following online resources!</span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.nasa.gov/ames-partnerships/optics" target="_blank">NASA </a>uses lots of camera and optics technologies to look deep into space.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Watch <i>Top Gear</i> host and all around funny Brit James May <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ic0czeUJrGE" target="_blank">explain more about digital cameras!</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.shortcourses.com/guide/guide1-3.html" target="_blank">This ShortCourse article</a> explains a little more about color filtering patterns.</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">You can also get electrified by light and circuitry at the following events at the Cambridge Science Festival:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20.24px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/ExhibitsAndMore.aspx#Lightbox" target="_blank">Lightbox Navigations</a> at the Harvard Art Museum, </b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;">April 15 - 24, 12:30 PM - 1:00 PM. </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"> See how museum conservationists preserve artwork from the harmful effects of light--and how they're digitizing their collection! Free!</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20.24px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><a href="http://web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">Paper</span><span style="font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"> </span></a><span style="font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"><a href="http://web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html" target="_blank">Circuits in the MIT Museum Idea Hub,</a> </span>Saturday, April 16, </span></span><span style="background-color: white;">12:00pm- 4:00pm. If all these tiny chips and sensors get you charged up, you can come and build your own! Free with Museum admission.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Explore more light and sound experiments at the <b>Museum of Science</b>, which is hosting a<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/ExhibitsAndMore.aspx#MOS" target="_blank"> slew of activities throughout the festival!</a></span></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-------------------</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">---</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E. Rosser is a science writer and mechanical engineer currently wrapping up a degree at MIT. She doesn’t know much about photography, so this question provided a great chance to learn! When she does reach for the camera, it’s usually to take a cute picture of her pet rats, Ellen and Darwin. She learned today that maybe she should use a faster shutter speed, since they always scamper around so quickly that they look like a blur...<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MRy_KBSqCeY/VvMFVy_qPEI/AAAAAAAAKhM/quWPf4Ez08ERRTd8mmYEVLblkYhQfUxCg/s1600/IMG_2430.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MRy_KBSqCeY/VvMFVy_qPEI/AAAAAAAAKhM/quWPf4Ez08ERRTd8mmYEVLblkYhQfUxCg/s200/IMG_2430.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Ellen and Darwin are camera shy.</i></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="goog_225663063"></span><span id="goog_225663064"></span><br /></span></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-69949488998752460142016-03-24T11:07:00.000-04:002016-03-24T11:07:56.270-04:00Get Outside with the CSF! Nature Events for All Ages<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">As the weather gets warmer and the year’s first flowers peep out of the ground, most of us who work and study inside find ourselves increasingly distracted by the sunny precursors to spring we glimpse on the other side of our windows. Fortunately, the Cambridge Science Festival features several activities to help us get outside, soak up some of those sunbeams, and learn about the natural world that encompasses the Boston area!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0b5394; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><u>Friday, April 15th</u></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=1#Sidewalk" target="_blank">Sidewalk Astronomy</a>,</b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8:00pm - 10:30pm</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The natural world can be observed even in the middle of the city… if you know how and where to look. Join the star enthusiasts of Boston Astronomy to take a look at Jupiter, star clusters, and the moon--right in the middle of Harvard Square!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Meet at Deguglielmo Plaza, Harvard Square, in front of 27 Brattle Street, Cambridge</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Check for weather cancellations and updates at </span><a href="http://www.bostonastronomy.net/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">www.bostonastronomy.net</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Free!</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.bostonastronomy.net/images/Big_Scope_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.bostonastronomy.net/images/Big_Scope_01.jpg" height="196" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>A telescope design from the past, via<a href="http://www.bostonastronomy.net/" target="_blank"> Boston Astronomy</a>.</i></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0b5394; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><u>Sunday, April 17th</u></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=3#Mycology" target="_blank">Mycology in the Forest: All the Fungi You’ve Never Seen,</a></b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 11:00am-12:30pm</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A nature walk like no other! Susan Goldhor of the Boston Mycology Club will point out what most people overlook: the important network of hidden fungi that keep our soil rich and natural waste decomposed. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Meet in front of Cambridge Boat Club, 2 Gerrys Landing Road. Please arrive on time to allow for the short walk to the starting location!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Register in advance at <a href="http://mycology.eventbrite.com/">mycology.eventbrite.com</a>. Ages 10+. Free!</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0b5394; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><u>Monday, April 18th</u></span></h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mount_Auburn_Cemeter_-_June_2005.JPG/800px-Mount_Auburn_Cemeter_-_June_2005.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mount_Auburn_Cemeter_-_June_2005.JPG/800px-Mount_Auburn_Cemeter_-_June_2005.JPG" width="239" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Mount Auburn is a lovely retreat in springtime!<br />Via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>.</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=4#Land" target="_blank">Land of the Giants,</a></b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 10:00am - 11:30am</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mount Auburn Cemetery, in addition to being a lovely locale for a springtime stroll, is home to some of the oldest trees in the neighborhood, including a 200-year old oak! Measure, compare, and learn about Mount Auburn’s grandest (above-ground) occupants.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mount Auburn Cemetery, 580 Mount Auburn St, Cambridge. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Register in advance at <a href="http://bit.ly/LandoftheGiants">bit.ly/LandoftheGiants</a>. Perfect for ages 6+. Free!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0b5394; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><u>Wednesday, April 20th</u></span></h2>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Energy" target="_blank"><br /></a></b>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Energy" target="_blank">Energy Use and Sustainable Transportation in Cambridge! </a></b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 10:00am - 3:30pm</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Enjoy the day in Lorenz park, and learn how you can include outdoor exercise in your everyday commute. Take the place of a generator turbine and earn just how difficult it can be to generate electricity with a ride on a generator bicycle!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Joan Lorenz Park, Outside Cambridge Main Library, 449 Broadway. Free!</span></div>
<b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Sailing" target="_blank"><br /></a></b>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Sailing" target="_blank">Sailing Science: Robotic Sailing & Environmental Science,</a> </b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1:00pm - 4:00pm</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spend an afternoon on the banks of the Charles with the RoboSail program at Community Boating. Take the robot-guided boats out for a spin on the water, take a look at the control system, and write some sailing code of your own.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Community Boating Boathouse, 21 David G Mugar Way, Boston. Free!</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0b5394; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><u>Thursday, April 21st</u></span></h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.massaudubon.org/var/ezdemo_site/storage/images/media/sanctuaries/habitat/images/goat-at-habitat/188424-1-eng-US/goat-at-habitat_large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.massaudubon.org/var/ezdemo_site/storage/images/media/sanctuaries/habitat/images/goat-at-habitat/188424-1-eng-US/goat-at-habitat_large.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>One of the Nigerian Pygmy goat at the Mass <br />Audubon Habitat in Belmont. Via Mass <a href="http://www.massaudubon.org/get-outdoors/wildlife-sanctuaries/habitat/news-events/help-habitat-s-goats" target="_blank">Audubon</a>.</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=7#Meadowscaping" target="_blank">Meadowscaping...With Goats! </a></b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 1:00pm - 3:00pm</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sandy Vorce, Property Manager of the Mass Audubon Habitat, shows off the Habitat’s fleet of environmentally-friendly lawn mowers--and might even invite you to pet them! That’s right: the lawnmowers at the Habitat are Nigerian dwarf goats, who keep the meadows in check and fit right in at the wildlife sanctuary.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mass Audubon Habitat Education Center & Wildlife Sanctuary, 10 Juniper Rd, Belmont.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Register in advance at <a href="http://massaudubon.org/cambridge-science-festival-habitat">massaudubon.org/cambridge-science-festival-habitat</a>. Ages 8+: children must be accompanied by an adult. Free!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0b5394; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><u>Friday, April 22nd - EARTH DAY!</u></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Walk" target="_blank">Earth Day Nature Walk with Clare Walker Leslie</a></b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Walk" target="_blank">, </a>10:00am - 11:30am</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Mount Auburn Cemetery is a protected 175-acre oasis of green nestled between Cambridge and Watertown. Clare Walker will show you around and point out the various flora and fauna that make Mount Auburn their home, including trees, flowers, chipmunks, hawks, and owls. Clare had written and illustrated of several books, including </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mount Auburn’s Family Nature Guide </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Birds and Birding in Mount Auburn</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-- visit </span><a href="http://www.clarewalkerleslie.com/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">www.clarewalkerleslie.com</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> for more information!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mount Auburn Cemetery, 580 Mount Auburn St, Cambridge</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Register in advance at </span><a href="http://www.eventbrite.com/e/nature-walk-with-clare-walker-leslie-tickets-20125187979" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">www.eventbrite.com/e/nature-walk-with-clare-walker-leslie-tickets-20125187979</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Free!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Party" target="_blank">Party for the Planet,</a></b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 10:00am - 3:00pm</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Party with the animals at the Franklin Park Zoo! Celebrate ways to keep our planet and its animals healthy.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Franklin Park Zoo, 1 Franklin Park Road, Boston</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cost: Adult $19.95; Child $12.95; Under 2 free; Senior (62+) $16.95</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Rocks" target="_blank">Rocks and Minerals Walk</a></b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Rocks" target="_blank">,</a> 1:00pm - 2:30pm</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Geologists and rock enthusiasts rejoice: Mount Auburn Cemetery overflows with beautiful examples of marble, granite, and beautifully carved sandstone. Come take a look at the monuments, each a stony work of art, and enjoy an afternoon amongst the greenery of the Cemetery.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mount Auburn Cemetery, 580 Mount Auburn St, Cambridge</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Register in advance at <a href="http://bit.ly/RocksMinerals422" target="_blank"> bit.ly/RocksMinerals422</a>. Ages 6+. Free!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0b5394; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><u>Saturday, April 23rd</u></span></h2>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.sculptureracing.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/SS2C9428w-1024x677.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.sculptureracing.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/SS2C9428w-1024x677.jpg" height="263" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>One of the creepy-crawly racing sculptures of the past!<br /> Via People's Sculpture <a href="http://www.sculptureracing.org/images/cambridge-arts-council-pix" target="_blank">Racing </a></i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=9#Community" target="_blank">Community Sculpture Race & Exhibition,</a></b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 11:00am - 2:00pm</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The wildest race in Cambridge! Local artists, teens, and parents have been hard at work building their original art on wheels for the past week--now they’re put to the rest on a half-mile sidewalk loop. Cheer them on, join the race, or exhibit your sculpture ideas. See </span><a href="http://sculptureracing.org/Danehy" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sculptureracing.org/Danehy</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> for locations of building workshops and information on how to participate. Sculpture Race will take place between 11-11:30am. Spectators should arrive by 10:45am.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Danehy Park, Sherman Street, Cambridge</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Participants should register at <a href="http://sculptureracing.org/Danehy">sculptureracing.org/Danehy</a> by April 11. Free!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0b5394; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><u>Sunday, April 24th:</u></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=10#Murals" target="_blank">Science Murals with ART+BIO Collaborative,</a></b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 2:00pm - 4:00pm</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cambridge is a hotbed for biological research, and the CSF and the ART+BIO Collaborative are unveiling their newest open-air project: a science mural that expresses the wonders of biology through public art! The mural is the first project borne of the Collaboration--come and hear what might be next!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kendall Plaza, in front of Marriott Cambridge, Main Street, Cambridge. Free!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">You’ve had all winter to stay indoors: come on out and join us for some refreshing air and scintillating science!</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 20.5334px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E. Rosser is a science writer and mechanical engineer currently wrapping up a degree at MIT. Her favorite outdoor activities include hiking, canoeing and kayaking, camping, and sleeping out in the backyard in her hammock. She can't wait for warm weather this spring!</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-86490477572078215092016-03-23T15:58:00.001-04:002016-03-24T11:07:02.320-04:00Curiosity Challenge: Hieroglyphs!By Paola Salazar<br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-O84dnWqFw9c/Vu1WLsHvVwI/AAAAAAAAAOA/L0kupn0ztAAq8F0LmkPoZKQwy_-PUxFzA/s1600/cc%2Bhieroglyphs.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-O84dnWqFw9c/Vu1WLsHvVwI/AAAAAAAAAOA/L0kupn0ztAAq8F0LmkPoZKQwy_-PUxFzA/s400/cc%2Bhieroglyphs.png" width="400" /></a>Long before we had most of our modern written and spoken
languages, humanity’s earliest civilizations began writing in more simple
terms—usually, this consisted of shapes and drawings as well as dashes or
circles to represent numbers. There are several ancient forms
of this, but one of the most renowned is the Egyptian hieroglyph, or <i>mdju netjer, </i>meaning “words of the gods.”<br />
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Interestingly enough, while writing is pretty widespread
across different cultures and social classes nowadays, hieroglyphs started off 3,300
years ago as a way to keep record of their nobility’s belongings, property, and
domains, as well as religious and other important information. Eventually, the
language got much more complicated, resulting in more than 700 individual
signs!</div>
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<a href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/egyptian.htm">Hieroglyphs</a>
were mostly used to along the walls of temples and monuments, with one of two
other forms of writing being used elsewhere or later in time—<a href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/egyptian_hieratic.htm">Hieratic</a> (sort
of like cursive, and mostly consisting of patterns of lines), or <a href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/egyptian_demotic.htm">Demotic</a>, which
was the most commonly understood by the Egyptian people).</div>
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For a period of time( Ptolemaic Period), Egyptians also used
another language, <a href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/coptic.htm">Coptic</a>,
which was written using Greek letters. While it isn’t as visually pleasing to
the eye as hieroglyphics are, Coptic actually is what later allowed historians,
linguists and archaeologists to decipher and understand the meaning behind
hieroglyphs. This is because of one particular discovery—the Rosetta Stone.</div>
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The Rosetta stone was brought to European attention in 1799
by Pierre-Francois Bouchard during an expedition to Egypt supported by
Napoleon. The stone has text written across its surface in three
languages—hieroglyphs at the top, Demotic script in the middle, and Coptic at
the bottom. What peeked scholars’ interest was the newfound opportunity to at
last make sense of a language that had previously been evading their
understanding. </div>
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It was first successfully deciphered by Jean-Francois
Champollion in the 1820s. It’s thanks to him and several other researchers who
contributed to its overall translation that we now get <a href="http://discoveringegypt.com/egyptian-hieroglyphic-writing/hieroglyphic-typewriter/">these
nifty sites</a> showing us how to write our names in hieroglyphs and more
importantly, their translations are the reason why we now get to understand
more about <a href="http://www.ancient.eu/Egyptian_Hieroglyphs/">ancient Egypt</a>
as well as other ancient civilizations and their languages (see <a href="http://www.ancient.eu/cuneiform/">here</a> to find
out about Mesopotamia and cuneiform or <a href="http://www.historian.net/hxwrite.htm">here</a> for the history of writing). </div>
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<i style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 20.5333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Paola is a Boston-based science journalist with a background in social and life sciences.</span></i></div>
Ophelia18http://www.blogger.com/profile/09886817272627721722noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-13050826638987423782016-03-21T11:08:00.000-04:002016-03-21T11:08:42.851-04:00Curiosity Challenge: How Did Intelligence Evolve Over Time?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mWcTr_pG7UY/Vu1Vs2NuwSI/AAAAAAAAAN8/jS8w0At9y6ILQzPIlWa1dQ_hJPvmpd3yw/s1600/cc%2Bintelligence.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="315" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mWcTr_pG7UY/Vu1Vs2NuwSI/AAAAAAAAAN8/jS8w0At9y6ILQzPIlWa1dQ_hJPvmpd3yw/s320/cc%2Bintelligence.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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By Paola Salazar</div>
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How intelligence evolved over time is not a simple question
to answer, even with dozens of researchers spending lifetimes looking into it. </div>
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Generally, intelligence across species is considered to be a
result of how an animal responds and manipulates its environment. Our level of
intelligence tends to be attributed to several different theories and has been
a process of development for around 10 million years. There’s much debate
around the different ideas about how we evolved into intelligent beings, but
we’ll do our best to highlight the general idea behind a few of the standing
theories!</div>
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One theory is that the evolution of our intelligence is a
result of our use of communication. <br />
<a name='more'></a>The idea is that since we started walking
upright and had our opposable (moveable) thumbs, we gradually began having more
activities and capabilities that we wanted to pass on to younger generations, like how to hunt, which areas to avoid, how to make stone tools, and more. </div>
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And so, our brains began working in different, more complex ways in order to figure out how we could communicate these things, resulting in language. Language can't start off as complicated as it is now, so the theory is that our brain expanded as it tried to keep a hold of these different communications, allowing language to then expand into what it is today, and bringing brain development along for the ride with it.</div>
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Another theory is that the evolution of intelligence was
simply an accident caused by us beginning to walk upright. Thanks to the skull
of the <a href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/taung-child">Taung child</a>, an infant from one of the oldest ancestors we know of right
now, paleoanthropologists (people who study our
most ancient ancestors) were able to see that their skulls were much more
similar to modern human infant skulls than we originally thought.</div>
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Basically, a modern day infant has a skull that isn’t fully
closed and is split into several pieces. As the infant grows up, this opening
is what allows the brain to grow. Gradually, the bone begins to grow and close
around the brain, but this doesn’t fully happen until the age of 2 or so. The Taung child shows evidence of a skull that also was not
fully closed, meaning it already had room for growth! But why is it split to begin with?</div>
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Well, when these ancestors began
walking upright, one thing that happened was a shift in the birth
canal of females, which are relatively narrow, and would struggle to fit a
big-headed infant. And so, evolution’s answer to this problem was for the infant to be born with its head being less hard than a full adult’s head so that
it could actually fit through. </div>
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The openings allow for the different parts of the skull to
slide over each other during birth, which then allows the brain to get bigger
as the infant grows, instead of inside its mother, like other animals do. Now that’s what I’d call a
happy accident.</div>
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The next theory has to do with our DNA. The Human Genome
Project, an international study of the genes that humans carry, led to
scientists noticing that humans have a gene unique to us: the SRGAP2C.
This is a gene that is related to your brain development. </div>
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When they implant the gene in mice, it turned off the
activity of the original brain development gene (SRGAP2), and then supercharged
the brain! The researchers who discovered this gene think that the gene may
have first appeared in our genome in some of the earlier Homo species around 2
million years ago, which also happens to be when human brains began to more
quickly develop in size—and also when we begin to see more evidence of complex
activities, like hunting, cooking, and stone-tool use. </div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Yko9VezbNPo/Vu1Qb8NeGhI/AAAAAAAAANk/Ii0edJVTHFghXNkNdZLsUOaRaLU6RJhQQ/s1600/diff%2Bbrains.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Yko9VezbNPo/Vu1Qb8NeGhI/AAAAAAAAANk/Ii0edJVTHFghXNkNdZLsUOaRaLU6RJhQQ/s320/diff%2Bbrains.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PC: wiringthebrain.com</td></tr>
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One thing that is mostly agreed upon is that the <a href="http://www.youramazingbrain.org/insidebrain/brainevolution.htm">evolutionof intelligence</a> is not necessarily needed in order to survive on the planet. We
as humans have been on the planet for only a small blip in time when you
consider how long the dinosaurs were here, and an even smaller blip when you
consider how old the planet itself is. Again, our ancestors weren’t around
until maybe 10 million years ago, and only about 10 thousand of those years
were spent in actual civilizations.</div>
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To that extent, intelligence kind of did evolve accidentally,
regardless of which theory you support. It all goes back to what we said
before: any changes to a species occur as a response to their environment. If
there is no major change, there will be no new developments in the animal’s
makeup. </div>
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<i>Paola is a Boston-based science journalist with a
background in social and life sciences.</i></div>
Ophelia18http://www.blogger.com/profile/09886817272627721722noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-32653857523547182782016-03-20T14:27:00.000-04:002016-03-21T13:17:01.057-04:00Curiosity Challenge: Astronaut Training & Space<i>by Ben Tolkin</i><br />
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How can floating underwater mimic the zero gravity condition of outer space? - Samantha Zhang, age 10<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l3yzZyX60pk/Vuq-Ef99u5I/AAAAAAAADOw/jCt8RQ9AeDg9ACwIiyULuMCHKZKiGgbEg/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-03-17%2Bat%2B10.23.43%2BAM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l3yzZyX60pk/Vuq-Ef99u5I/AAAAAAAADOw/jCt8RQ9AeDg9ACwIiyULuMCHKZKiGgbEg/s320/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-03-17%2Bat%2B10.23.43%2BAM.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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Going into space is hard. Really, really hard. Astronauts work with some of the most complicated and expensive
technology ever made, in an environment that's both highly dangerous and completely unlike anything they're used to. If
you make a mistake on a space station hundreds of miles above the Earth, you might not get a second chance to make
things right. Before going into space, you have to make sure you can do every part of your mission perfectly, 100% of the
time, and that means practice, practice, practice.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, there’s no easy way to train for space travel; outer space is (literally!) like nothing on Earth. <br />
<a name='more'></a>One of the
hardest things to train for is weightlessness. Although there is gravity in outer space, astronauts in orbit don’t feel it in the
way most people do: on Earth, the force of gravity pulls us down towards the ground, and the ground supports us by
pushing back upwards. Astronauts in space are in unsupported freefall: although gravity is what keeps them in orbit,
relative to their surroundings, they are “weightless.” (Weightlessness in orbit can be a little confusing: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJZ2rezjFps">this video</a> gives an okay explanation. The important thing is that there <i>is</i> gravity in space! Astronauts don't feel that gravity directly, but without it, they wouldn't stay in orbit around the Earth!)<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_72Lidkc5DI/Vum99oJfPuI/AAAAAAAAARc/pE0O-pesLxcMGy7KixkD-gIqKmu1e9V9g/s1600/2013-10-NBL-story-photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_72Lidkc5DI/Vum99oJfPuI/AAAAAAAAARc/pE0O-pesLxcMGy7KixkD-gIqKmu1e9V9g/s320/2013-10-NBL-story-photo.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: start;">The size of the Neutral Buoyancy Lab (from oceaneering.com, which employs most of the divers who help at the NBL) </span></td></tr>
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NASA’s <a href="http://dx12.jsc.nasa.gov/site/index.shtml">Neutral Buoyancy Lab</a> is a way of simulating weightlessness on Earth.
An object that floats in water is called “buoyant”; depending on their density, most objects simply float (positive
buoyancy) or sink (negative buoyancy). But if you adjust the density of an object very carefully, it neither floats nor sinks; it
has “neutral buoyancy,” and stays put in the water at any position. Astronauts training underwater are wearing specially
weighted suits that make them neutrally buoyant, so they hover just as they would in space.<br />
<br />
Inside the giant pool at the Neutral Buoyancy Lab are life-size models of the parts of the International Space Station or
Hubble Space Telescope that astronauts will work with. An astronaut will rehearse their mission underwater many times
before going into space, spending six to eight hours in the pool for every hour of actual spacewalking, so that they're sure
they know how to get around in a weightless environment.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/206092main_hstdivers1_HI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/206092main_hstdivers1_HI.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: start;">Astronauts training with a model of the Hubble Space Telescope for Servicing Mission 4 (from nasa.gov)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
Why is it so important to train for weightlessness? On Earth, we take being supported by the ground for granted. When
you push open a door or turn a handle, you’re kept stable by the friction between your shoes and the floor, which is
caused by the force of gravity pressing you downwards and the force of the floor pushing up. If an astronaut floating in
space pushes on a door, they’d just push themselves backwards; if they tried to turn a handle without properly supporting
themselves, they’d start spinning round in space instead of the handle! The same goes for astronauts in a neutral
buoyancy pool. By training underwater, astronauts learn what it’s like to work in a weightless environment, and how to
keep themselves stable without relying on gravity.<br />
<br />
You may think that a giant pool doesn’t really sound very similar to outer space, and frankly, you’re right. Water is thicker
than air, while the vacuum of space is thinner; this means it’s harder for objects to move through water, and they have a
tendency to stay put, while slightly tapping an object in space could send it flying away at surprisingly high speed. Even
though the astronaut may move around as if they're weightless, they're really not: if they float upside down, blood will
still rush to their head in a way it wouldn't in space. And moving through water causes currents, which can push objects
around in unexpected ways. NASA avoids these problems a little by keeping the water in their pool very still and making
astronauts move extra slowly, but this training technique definitely isn't perfect.<br />
<br />
If astronauts training underwater looks a little silly to you, it's because training people for life in space is
hard, and there are no perfect solutions. The Neutral Buoyancy Lab is just one of many methods to get astronauts ready for an
environment totally different from life on Earth. Some of the most interesting equipment at NASA isn't even meant for
going to space, just simulating it! Astronauts also train with high-tech computer games, pilot models of their spacecraft
mounted on mechanical arms that lurch about just like the real thing, and have to endure intense spinning in a giant
centrifuge to deal with the stress of a spacecraft launch. Neutral buoyancy isn't even the only way to train for
weightlessness: you can also simulate the freefall of orbit by, well, falling! Astronauts in training can feel the full effects of
weightlessness by taking a plane to a high altitude, then letting the plane fall freely out of the sky. Since the astronaut and
the plane are both falling, the astronauts are weightless relative to their surroundings, just like in space! This only lasts a
few minutes, though, before the plane has to pull up so it doesn't crash into the ground. It's not enough time to train for a
mission, but it does expose astronauts to the unique feeling of weightlessness; that strange feeling you get in your
stomach at the top of a rollercoaster is what being in space feels like, all the time. (This is why the plane used for weightlessness training is sometimes called “the vomit comet.”) It also gives enough time to shoot a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWGJA9i18Co">crazy music video</a>.<br />
<br />
For more information:
<br />
<br />
Check out the <a href="http://dx12.jsc.nasa.gov/site/index.shtml">NASA Neutral Buoyancy Lab's site</a>!<br />
<br />
See a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRPb0J8lZcY">visit to the Neutral Buoyancy Lab</a>.<br />
<br />
The most extreme training NASA's ever done was for astronauts on Apollo missions to the moon. They needed to prepare
for life in space, on the moon, and wherever they landed, and they trained without modern computer simulations! <a href="http://www.wired.com/2011/07/moon-landing-gallery/">See what they did to prepare</a>.<br />
<br />
------------<br />
Ben Tolkin works for <i>Neuron</i>, a journal of neuroscience, by day, and writes and performs poetry and nonfiction by night. He got really excited about science when he was a child, and then forgot to stop.<br />
<br />
-- <br />
Some great events to check out in the science festival...<br />
<br />
<span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=1#Sidewalk">Sidewalk Astronomy</a></span> </span><br />
<span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=5#Workshop">Workshop: Mission to Mars with MIT Society of Women Engineers</a></span><br />
<span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=9#Cambridge">Cambridge Explores the Universe</a></span></span><br />
<span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=9#Girls">Rocket Girls</a></span> </span> </span> bbctolhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06153413779918613025noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-69524849918864475922016-03-17T09:47:00.001-04:002016-04-08T13:42:54.055-04:00Don't Forget to Pre-Register for Science Festival Programs!We have more than 170 events lined up for April 15 - 24 this year! Many of these events need notice that you're going to attend. <br />
<br />
Take a look at the list below for all the festival programs that require pre-registration, tickets, or request an RSVP.<br />
<br />
Don't miss the <a href="http://cambridgesciencefestivalblog.blogspot.com/2016/03/dont-forget-to-pre-register-for-science.html#School">School Vacation Programs</a> category as well!<br />
(Please note: MIT Museum workshops open registration on March 28.)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
Programs with pre-registration or tickets</h3>
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=1#Trivia"><b>Science Trivia: Einstein, Acronyms, Astronomy</b></a><br />
Free. Ages 21+. Please register at: <a href="http://bit.ly/1miO0JC">http://bit.ly/1miO0JC</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents/bigideasforbusypeople.aspx"><b>Big Ideas for Busy People</b></a><br />
$10. Purchase tickets at <a href="http://bigideascsf2016.eventbrite.com/">bigideascsf2016.eventbrite.com</a> <br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=3#Mycology"><b><br />
</b></a> <a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=3#Mycology"><b>Mycology in the Forest: All the Fungi You’ve Never Seen</b></a><b></b><br />
Free. Ages 10+. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://mycology.eventbrite.com/">mycology.eventbrite.com</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=3#Club"><b>Science Club for Girls Media Team Film Screening</b></a><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Club"></a></b><br />
Free. RSVP at <a href="http://bit.ly/SCFGMedia417">http://bit.ly/SCFGMedia417</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=3#Writing"><b>Science Writing Workshop: Stealing from Fiction's Toolkit</b></a><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Writing"></a> </b><br />
$10. Ages 18+. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html">web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=3"><b>Art + Science of Beer</b></a><br />
Free. Ages 21+. Please RSVP at <a href="http://tinyurl.com/CSFbeer16">http://tinyurl.com/CSFbeer16</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=4#Land"><b>Land of the Giants</b></a><br />
Free. Ages 6+. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://bit.ly/LandoftheGiants">bit.ly/LandoftheGiants</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=4#Tidepooling">Tidepooling & Facility Tour, Northeastern University Marine Science Center</a><br />
Registration Full<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=5#Volpe"><b>Volpe Talks: Transportation Ideas Worth Sharing</b></a><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Volpe"></a> </b><br />
Free. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://volpetalks2016.eventbrite.com/">volpetalks2016.eventbrite.com</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=5#What"><b>What’s in a Knee? Simulating Arthroscopy</b></a><br />
Free. RSVP to mghhistory@partners.org.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=5#Data"><b>Data & Network Science Festival</b></a><br />
Free. Please register at: <a href="http://www.bu.edu/networks/?p=684">http://www.bu.edu/networks/?p=684</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=5#Nano"><b>MIT Nano Observatory </b></a><br />
Free. Pre-registration required at <a href="https://www.eventbrite.com/e/mit-nanoday-tickets-23824121589">https://www.eventbrite.com/e/mit-nanoday-tickets-23824121589</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=5#Now"><b>Editing the Genome: Now We Can. Should We? </b></a><br />
Free. Register at <a href="http://mos.org/events">mos.org/events</a>.<br />
<br />
<b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/ExhibitsAndMore.aspx#Weird">Science Festival After Dark Film Series</a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Dark"></a> </b><br />
Weird Science: Tuesday 4/19<br />
Back to the Future: Wednesday 4/20<br />
Repo Man: Thursday 4/21<br />
Real Genius: Friday 4/22<br />
The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension: Saturday 4/23<br />
Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie: Sunday 4/24<br />
$11 general admission; $9 students; $8 seniors. Buy tickets <a href="http://www.brattlefilm.org/category/calendar-2/special-engagements/cambridge-science-festival-after-dark/">here</a>. <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#techXplore"><b>techXplore Workshop</b></a><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="techXplore"></a> </b><br />
Free. Workshop. Registration recommended at <a href="http://www.eduporium.com/techxplore-workshop">eduporium.com/techxplore-workshop</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Game"><b>Workshop: Game Design and Play Testing with Harmonix </b></a><br />
$10. Ages 13+. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html">web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6"><b>Stories Under the Stars</b></a><br />
$12. Performance. Purchase at <a href="http://mos.org/public-events/stories-under-the-stars">mos.org/public-events/stories-under-the-stars</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Animals"><b>Animals and Plants: Use Your Eyes</b></a><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Animals"></a> </b><br />
Free. Registration required at <a href="http://massaudubon.org/cambridge-science-festival-habitat">massaudubon.org/cambridge-science-festival-habitat</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Immune"><b>The Immune System Awakens: The Force behind Allergies</b></a><br />
Free. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://bwhresearch.org/cambridge-science-festival">bwhresearch.org/cambridge-science-festival</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Green"><b>The Green Dream: Powering the World With Clean Energy</b></a><br />
Free. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://bit.ly/greendream420">http://bit.ly/greendream420</a><br />
<br />
<b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Circuit">Circuit Hacking Night</a></b><br />
<b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Artisan">Artisan's Asylum Tour</a></b><br />
Free. Ages 18+. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://artisansasylum.com/events">artisansasylum.com/events</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Humanity"><b>Humanity Needs Dreamers: A Visit With Marie Curie</b></a><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Humanity"></a> </b><br />
$10-General, $8-Students/Seniors. Info & Tickets at <a href="http://stemonstage.org/mariecurie">stemonstage.org/mariecurie</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=7#Walking">Walking Tour of MIT's Nuclear Research Reactor</a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Walking"></a> <br />
Registration Full. Get the full experience at the MIT Open House (<a href="http://mit2016.mit.edu/openhouse/sample-activities">info</a>). <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=7#Meadowscaping"><b>Meadowscaping...With Goats!</b></a><br />
Free. Registration required at <a href="http://massaudubon.org/cambridge-science-festival-habitat">massaudubon.org/cambridge-science-festival-habitat</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=7#How"><b>How to Make Your Mind Move</b></a><br />
Free. Please RSVP at <a href="http://www.catalystconversations.org/upcoming-events/">www.catalystconversations.org/upcoming-events/</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=7#Exhibition"><b>Exhibition opening: Random International’s 15 Points</b></a><br />
Free. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://lelabrandomopening.eventbrite.com/">LeLabRandomOpening.eventbrite.com</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=7#Expert"><b>You're the Expert Live at CSF 2016</b></a><br />
$20; free for MIT. Tickets at <a href="http://youretheexpert0421.bpt.me/">http://youretheexpert0421.bpt.me</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=7#Space"><b>Space Station</b></a><br />
$10. Purchase tickets in advance at <a href="http://mos.org/events">mos.org/events</a>.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Stoking"><b>Stoking a 21st Century STEAM Engine: Rocket Fuel for the Innovation Economy</b></a><br />
Free. RSVP at <a href="http://www.cambridgetalentpipeline.org/">http://www.cambridgetalentpipeline.org/</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Walk"><b>Earth Day Nature Walk with Clare Walker Leslie</b></a><br />
Free. Pre-registration is required at <a href="http://www.eventbrite.com/e/nature-walk-with-clare-walker-leslie-tickets-20125187979">www.eventbrite.com/e/nature-walk-with-clare-walker-leslie-tickets-20125187979</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Meet"><b>Meet a Medical Mannequin</b></a><br />
Free. RSVP to mghhistory@partners.org<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Rocks"><b>Rocks and Minerals Walk</b></a><br />
Free. Ages 6+. Pre-registration is required at <a href="http://bit.ly/RocksMinerals422">bit.ly/RocksMinerals422</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#DigiFabCon"><b>DigiFabCon</b></a><br />
$49. Conference. Registration & details at <a href="http://digifabcon.org/">digifabcon.org</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Exploring"><b>Exploring Career Options in STEM: Speed Networking</b></a><br />
Between $15-$30. Register at <a href="http://mass-awis.org/exploring-career-options-in-stem-speed-networking-friday-april-22nd/">http://mass-awis.org/exploring-career-options-in-stem-speed-networking-friday-april-22nd/</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Artist"><b>Artist’s Talk: Random International</b></a><br />
Free. Reservations required at <a href="http://lelabrandomprogram.eventbrite.com/">lelabrandomprogram.eventbrite.com</a><br />
<br />
<b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Music">Science, Music, and the Art of Creative Thinking</a></b><br />
Free. RSVP to stefanie@aceraschool.org <br />
<br />
<a href="http://web.mit.edu/museum/programs/calendar/Dimensions_Doctor_Who.html"><b>Dimensions of Doctor Who</b></a><br />
Advance purchase $10; $15 at the door. Tickets available at: <a href="https://www.eventbrite.com/e/dimensions-of-doctor-who-tickets-22749015919">www.eventbrite.com/e/dimensions-of-doctor-who-tickets-22749015919</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=10#Citizen"><b>You're a Citizen Scientist: People for Pollinators Project</b></a><br />
Free. RSVP to Events@birchesschool.org<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/ExhibitsAndMore.aspx#Arcadia"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><b>Arcadia</b></span></a> <br />
<span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription">Tickets available at <a href="http://centralsquaretheater.org/shows/arcadia"><i>centralsquaretheater.org/shows/arcadia</i></a>; 20% off for Cambridge Science Festival using promotion code: <b>FESTIVAL</b></span> <br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="School"></a>School vacation programs!</h3>
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=2#Gamelan"><b>Youth Balinese Gamelan Workshop</b></a><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Gamelan"></a> </b><br />
$10. Grades 5-8. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html">web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=2#Build"><b>Build Your Own Living Organism: Bioengineering for Everyone</b></a><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Build"></a></b><br />
$22. Ages 10+. Pre-register at <a href="http://bit.ly/1OPVVdR">http://bit.ly/1OPVVdR</a><br />
<br />
<b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=3#Intro">Intro to Web Development for Girls & Moms (or Aunts, Grandmas, Big Sisters, etc.)</a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Intro"></a> </b><br />
Free. Ages 10+. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://htmlforgirls.eventbrite.com/">htmlforgirls.eventbrite.com</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=4#Steampunk"><b>Steampunk Art & Design Workshop</b></a><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Steampunk"></a> </b><br />
$25. Ages 14+. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://charlesrivermuseum.org/steampunk-design-workshop-adventure">charlesrivermuseum.org/steampunk-design-workshop-adventure</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=5#Cardboard"><b>Cardboard Automata: Mechanical Toys</b></a><br />
Free. Pre-register at <a href="http://cardboardautomata-mma-psr.eventbrite.com/">cardboardautomata-mma-psr.eventbrite.com</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=5#Workshop"><b>Workshop: Mission to Mars with MIT Society of Women Engineers</b></a><br />
$10. Ages 9-12. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html">web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=5#Play"><b>LEGO Workshops with Play-Well TEKnologies</b></a><br />
(Wednesday 4/20 & Thursday 4/21) $15 per student. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://play-well.org/">play-well.org</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=5#Aesop"><b>Aesop's Fabulous Machine: Design, Build, Race (Weeklong Workshop)</b></a><br />
See <a href="http://maudmorganarts.org/">MaudMorganArts.org</a>. Scholarships available.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=5#Developing"><b>Developing and Delivering New Medicines: A Hands-on Nanocapsule Lab for Girls</b></a><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Developing"></a> </b><br />
Free. For girls in grades 4-6. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://developing-new-medicines.eventbrite.com/">developing-new-medicines.eventbrite.com</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=5#STEM"><b>STEM Exploration Party (Wednesday)</b></a><br />
Free. Grades preK – 2. Preregistration required at <a href="http://bit.ly/STEMparty419">bit.ly/STEMparty419</a><br />
<b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#STEM">STEM Exploration Party (Thursday)</a></b><br />
Free. Grades 1-6 with adult. Pre-registration required at: <a href="http://bit.ly/STEMparty420">bit.ly/STEMparty420</a> <br />
<br />
<b>TERC Workshops</b><br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Say">Say It With Shapes and Numbers</a><br />
Free. Ages 3-6 with adult. Workshop. RSVP required to contactus@terc.edu<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Zoombinis">Zoombinis and the Art and Science of STEM Games</a><br />
Free. Grades 3-8 with adult. Workshop. RSVP required to contactus@terc.edu<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Move">Energy on the Move!</a><br />
Free. Grades 4-6 with adult. Workshop. RSVP required to contactus@terc.edu<br />
<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Designing">Designing</a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Designing"></a> Climate Science Computer Games<br />
Free. Grades 6-9 with a adult. Workshop. RSVP required to contactus@terc.edu <br />
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<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Make"><b>Make & Mix w/ Mmmmaven</b></a><br />
Free. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://mmmmakenmix.eventbrite.com/">mmmmakenmix.eventbrite.com</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=6#Coding"><b>Workshop: Coding and Game Development </b></a><br />
$10. Ages 8+. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html">web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=7#Spider"><b>Spider Super Heroes!</b></a><br />
Free. Grades 1-4. Registration required at <a href="http://hmnh.harvard.edu/calendar/upcoming/event-audience/Kids">hmnh.harvard.edu/calendar/upcoming/event-audience/Kids</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=7#Introduction"><b>Workshop: Introduction to Robotics</b></a><br />
$10. Ages 12+. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html">web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Earth"><b>Earth Day Makerspace Mash Up: Aquarium Alive!</b></a><br />
Free. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://bit.ly/lesleyaquarium">bit.ly/lesleyaquarium</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Imagine"><b>Imagine Boston with LEGO Bricks</b></a><br />
Free. Registration required at <a href="http://bit.ly/ImagineBoston422">http://bit.ly/ImagineBoston422</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Fish"><b>Workshop: Fish ‘n’ Ships</b></a><br />
$10. Ages 12+. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html">web.mit.edu/museum/programs/festival.html</a><br />
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<b><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=8#Maker">Earth Day Makerspace Mash Up: Robotics, Recyclables & Stop Motion</a></b><br />
Free. Grades 6-12. Workshop. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://bit.ly/lesleyrobotcsf16">bit.ly/lesleyrobotcsf16</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=9#Greenlight"><b>Greenlight for Girls Day at Bridgewater State University</b></a><br />
Free. Girls ages 11-15. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://www.eventbrite.com/e/g4g-day-bsu-2016-pre-registration-tickets-21307841327">www.eventbrite.com/e/g4g-day-bsu-2016-pre-registration-tickets-21307841327</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=9#Early"><b>Early Algebraic Thinking Parent-Child Workshop with Singapore Math</b></a><br />
$6.27 per child. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://lexingtonsingaporeschool.com/cambridge-science-festival">lexingtonsingaporeschool.com/cambridge-science-festival</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=9#WAVES"><b>WAVES: Wicked Awesome Ventures into Exciting Science</b></a><br />
Free. Register at <a href="http://southshorescience.org/">southshorescience.org</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=9#Dance"><b>Science Can DANCE!</b></a><br />
Free. Ages 10-14. Registration required at <a href="https://www.eventbrite.com/e/science-can-dance-tickets-21244933167">https://www.eventbrite.com/e/science-can-dance-tickets-21244933167</a> <br />
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<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=9#GRAPE"><b>GRAPE: Grandchildren/Grandparent Robot Assistant Programming Extravaganza</b></a><br />
Free. Ages 8-12 with grandparent. Pre-registration required at <a href="http://goo.gl/forms/SVyEEZgPql">http://goo.gl/forms/SVyEEZgPql</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=10#Fab"><b>FabLabuLous!</b></a><br />
Free. Grades 8 and up! RSVP to Maru Colbert at edutech4snps@gmail.com<br />
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<a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/ExhibitsAndMore.aspx#3D"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><b>3D Design and Printing @ Toysinbox</b></span></a><br />
<span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription">$25 per workshop: </span></span><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><a href="http://www.toysinbox3dprinting.com/">www.toysinbox3dprinting.com</a></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><b>Mini Maker Week at The Children’s Museum in Easton</b></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription">Admission is $9.00 per person, members and children under 1 are free. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="ucSitePageContent_lblDescription"><a href="http://childrensmuseumineaston.org/">childrensmuseumineaston.org</a></span><br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08485237401559042480noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6984462333813872911.post-11095039401817639812016-03-16T07:30:00.000-04:002016-03-16T09:28:34.963-04:00Artists, Scientists, and Both: Creative Thinking on BOTH Sides of the Brain<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">By E. Rosser</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The greatest scientists are artists as well.” --Albert Einstein, 1923</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Science is often thought of as a purely left-brain venture...but who says the creative thinking that leads to great discoveries can’t also produce some great art? The Cambridge Science Festival aims to show off the “A” part of “STEAM” by urging Festival-goers let their inner DaVinci out at our various art events--from </span><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=10#Creative" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">crafting kinetic sculptures</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to </span><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=9#Baby" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">learning about baby birds through drawing</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. It turns out that innovation and passion are important ingredients for art as well as science, technology, math, and engineering.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Some of the greatest minds that science has seen have also been known to stretch their artistic muscles. Here are some famous scientists who have put down the lab notebook and picked up the sketchpad over the years--and artists who have taken up science!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><u>Drawing and Illustrating:</u></b></span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Leonardo Da Vinci - Inventor and Illustrator - Perhaps the spiritual pioneer of all scientist-artists, Leonardo’s study spanned anatomy, physics, sculpture, architecture, and engineering. While making his living painting murals and religious scenes, he sketched his finest ideas (with notes in a distinctive backward hand) in perhaps the most fascinating lab notebook ever created, <a href="http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Arundel_MS_263" target="_blank">available online via the British Library</a></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9FSggiA-iYs/Tqpxpzsij_I/AAAAAAAAALo/-T8TnR2ehLg/s1600/leonardo-da-vinci+pics.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="346" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9FSggiA-iYs/Tqpxpzsij_I/AAAAAAAAALo/-T8TnR2ehLg/s1600/leonardo-da-vinci+pics.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><i>Some of DaVinci's illustrations, via <br />stopandlearnenglish.blogspot.com/</i></td></tr>
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<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://beatrixpottersociety.org.uk/about-beatrix/" target="_blank">Beatrix Potter</a> - Mycologist and Illustrator - Before she became known for </span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.38; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Peter Rabbit</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, Beatrix Potter honed her drawing and painting skills by doing scientific illustrations of plants, eventually leading to her 1897 publication of a scientific paper about mushrooms: “On the Germination of the Spores of Agaricineae.” The paper was presented to the Linnean Society by a male colleague, since women were not allowed to attend Society meetings at the time. </span> </span></li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://bwlstem.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/20120904-104416.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://bwlstem.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/20120904-104416.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Mushrooms drawn by Beatrix Potter,<br /> via bwlstem.files.wordpress.com</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Uncover the secrets of mushrooms like Beatrix Potter with the Boston Mycology Club! </span><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=3#Mycology" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mycology in the Forest: All the Fungi You’ve Never Seen</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, meet at the Cambridge Boat Club, Sunday April 17th, 11am-12:30pm. Ages 10+, pre-registration required. Free!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stretch your fine art muscles and participate in a community art and engineering project! </span><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=5#Tech" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">TECHnically Art: A Collaborative Mural</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> at the MIT Museum, Tuesday April 19th, 10am-1pm. Free!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let art inspire your next technological creation! Steampunk designer extraordinaire Bruce Rosenbaum will show you how at the </span><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=4#Steampunk" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Steampunk Art & Design Workshop</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> at the </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Charles River Museum of Industry and Innovation, Monday April 18th, 9am-1pm. Ages 14+, pre-registration required.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/blogs/secretlife/engineering/tom-scholz/" target="_blank">Tom Scholz</a> - Inventor and Rockstar - Boston’s own Tom Scholz studied mechanical engineering at MIT before working as an engineer at Polaroid. The amplifiers and guitar effects he built in his home studio earned him the attention of a big record label, then he hit the road as lead guitarist of the famous rock band “Boston.” </span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="http://www.premierguitar.com/ext/resources/images/content/2013_12/FEAT/Bostons-Tom-Scholz/Feb14_TomScholz_Recording_WEB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.premierguitar.com/ext/resources/images/content/2013_12/FEAT/Bostons-Tom-Scholz/Feb14_TomScholz_Recording_WEB.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><i>Tom Scholz and his invention, the "Rockman" <br />portable guitar amplifier. Via www.premierguitar.com</i></td></tr>
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<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://apolloschildren.com/" target="_blank">Brian Cox</a> - Physicist and Pop Musician - Brian Cox had already achieved fame with his band Dare when he decided to take a break and study Physics at Manchester University. While earning his PhD, he filled in as keyboardist with another band, D:Ream, and achieved a number one hit. Cox is now a television personality, hosting several educational programs and </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5HWf3Ai3Ts" style="font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">representing scientists on popular comedy shows</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></span></li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/f0/99/f5/f099f5f80552259c20dc00509a491625.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/f0/99/f5/f099f5f80552259c20dc00509a491625.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Dr. Brian Cox, with some words of wisdom. <br />Via Pinterest.com</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Find your beat and rock out like these scientists with the MIT Balinese ensemble, Gamelan Galak Tika! </span><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=2#Gamelan" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Youth Balinese Gamelan Workshop </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">at the MIT Museum, Saturday April 16th, 10am-12pm. Grades 5-8, pre-registration required.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><u></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.women-inventors.com/Hedy-Lammar.asp" target="_blank">Hedy Lamarr </a>- Inventor and Actress - Best known as a glamorous star of the Golden Age of Hollywood, during World War II Lamarr also invented a new form of radio jamming with her neighbor George Anthiel, an avant-garde composer. Together, they developed a signal that would jump sporadically through several frequencies and interfere with Nazi radio-guided torpedoes. The technology still has applications today in wifi and bluetooth technology.</span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="http://zenpundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Hedy-Lamarr-DQ-Wild.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://zenpundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Hedy-Lamarr-DQ-Wild.png" height="209" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><i>Hedy Lamarr and a patent for her co-invention. <br />Via zenpundit.com</i></td></tr>
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<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.asme.org/career-education/articles/management-professional-practice/lillian-moller-gilbreth" target="_blank">Lillian Moller Gilbreth </a>- Author, Psychologist, Industrial Engineer, and Film Inspiration - Lillian Moller Gilbreth mastered many fields throughout her life: she earned degrees in literature, pioneered industrial psychology, saved many businesses during the Great Depression using scientific management, and raised her twelve children. Her children went on to write the autobiography </span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.38; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cheaper by the Dozen</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, which was made into a popular film franchise that sadly downplays the role of their remarkable mother. </span></span></li>
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<tr><td><a href="http://thehistorychicks.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/26818_xl1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://thehistorychicks.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/26818_xl1.jpg" height="200" width="176" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><i>A US Stamp commemorating Lillian Moller Gilbreth, <br />the "first lady of engineering." thehistorychicks.com</i></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hear more stories about Hedy Lamarr and other famous scientists through song with the North Cambridge Family Opera! </span><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=2#Giants" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Giants of Science</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> at the Broad Auditorium, Saturday April 16th, 3pm-4:15pm, and Sunday April 17th, 6pm-7:15pm. Free!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Explore where science and engineering intersect the performing arts! </span><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=9#Dance" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Science Can DANCE!</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> at the Harvard Museum of Science & Culture. Saturday, April 23, 11am-3pm. Ages 10-14, pre-registration required.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><u>Writers:</u></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><i></i></b></span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.rachelcarson.org/Bio.aspx" target="_blank">Rachel Carson</a> - Zoologist and Author - The influential book </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Silent Spring</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, which outlined the dangers of misusing chemical pesticides, was just the capstone on Rachel Carson’s career as an ecologist and writer. She wrote natural history articles for the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Baltimore Sun</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, was editor-in-chief of all publications by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and, in her free time, penned her stirring conservationist prose. </span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="http://www.pophistorydig.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/1961-w-spec-jar-250.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.pophistorydig.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/1961-w-spec-jar-250.jpg" height="320" width="238" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><i>Rachel Carson in the field. <br />Via www.pophistorydig.com</i></td></tr>
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<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.biography.com/people/isaac-asimov-9190737" style="font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">Isaac Asimov </a><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Biochemist and Hard Sci-Fi Author - No science fiction collection is complete without a volume of Isaac Asimov’s award-winning work. Few readers realize he started out as a chemistry student, eventually becoming a professor of biochemistry at Boston University School of Medicine. Hardly the stuff of the “pulp” sci-fi that his father forbade him from reading, his speculative theories included the famous “Three Laws of Robotics,” which have fascinated scientists and futurists since their publishing. </span></span></li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://i.imgur.com/OwPAu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://i.imgur.com/OwPAu.jpg" height="400" width="280" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Asimov's three famous rules. <br />Via http://i.imgur.com/OwPAu.jpg</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Learn more about “robotics,” a word that Asimov created, right next to some of the world’s most famous robots! </span><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=7#Introduction" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Workshop: Introduction to Robotics</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> at the MIT Museum, Thursday, April 21st, 11am-1pm and 2-4pm. Ages 12+, pre-registration required.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Get involved and become an activist like Rachel Carson! </span><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=10#Citizen" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">You're a Citizen Scientist: People for Pollinators Project</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> at Birches School. Sunday, April 24th, 1pm-4pm. Pre-registration required. Free!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Learn how science fiction can be a useful lens for examining reality, and try your hand at some science writing exercises! </span><a href="http://www.cambridgesciencefestival.org/2016Festival/2016ScheduleOfEvents.aspx?day=3#Writing" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Science Writing Workshop: Stealing from Fiction's Toolkit </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">at the MIT Museum, Sunday April 17th, 1pm-4pm. Ages 18+, pre-registration required.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Want to give both sides of your brain some action, just like these great innovators? Check out all of these art-centric (and eccentric!) events at the Cambridge Science Festival!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-------------------</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 20.5334px;">E. Rosser is a science writer and mechanical engineer currently wrapping up a degree at MIT. She likes to give the right side of her brain a little exercise now and then by designing costumes, doodling in a design notebook, or sewing crazy fabric creations.</span></span></div>
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